Biological Monitoring of Exposure

Biological Monitoring of Exposure Monitoring of lead concentrations in the blood remains the prevailing index of lead exposure and risk (US EPA 1986, Skerfving 

Blood lead levels in unexposed subjects vary considerably. For example, in Sweden B-Pb in children without particular exposure is - 20 ig L (Stromberg et al. 1995). A German Environmental Survey of environmental pollutants in blood was conducted for the third time in 1998 and included 4800 subjects with regard to region, community size, age (18 to 69 years) and gender. The geometric mean of Pb amounted to 31 and was higher in 

Lead determinations in urine is a fairly widely used index of lead exposure. However, there is always a risk of external contamination if the samples are collected at work, and the available information as regards the relationship between exposure/ effects and urinary-Pb is much more limited. The bone-Pb increases with increasing time of employment, from a few up to 100 or more (Somervaille et al. 1989, Nilsson et al. 1991, Gerhardsson et al. 

The energy of the peaks leads to the identification of the elements present in the sample (qualitative analysis), while the peak intensity provides the relevant or absolute elemental concentration (semi-quantitative or quantitative analysis) of lead. In the L XRF technique, electrons from the L shell are excited in a similar way and electrons from the M shell drop down to fill the vacancy. 

the resulting lead K- and L-alpha lines obtained with the two techniques, may not be directly comparable. 

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H. K. Dillon and M. H. Ho, Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Metals, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

Barr DB, Barr JR, Driskell WJ, et al. 1999. Strategies for biological monitoring of exposure for contemporary-use pesticides. Toxicol Ind Health 15 168-179. 

Chang MJW, Chen YC, Yang HJ. 1997. Comparative evaluation on the biological monitoring of exposure to parathion and its methyl analog. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32 422-425. 

SatoA. 1993. Confounding factors in biological monitoring of exposure to organic solvents. IntArch Occup Environ Health 65 S61-S67. 

Organophosphate insecticides also inhibit RBC-ACHE and PCHE. Inhibition of ACHE in erythrocytes is assumed to mirror inhibition of ACHE in the nervous system, which is the receptor of the toxic action, to some extent. Therefore, measurements of RBC-ACHE and PCHE are used for biological monitoring of exposure to OP insecticides (Maroni, 1986). Inhibitions of RBC-ACHE and PCHE activities are correlated with intensity and duration of exposure, although at different levels for each OP compound. Blood ACHE, being the same molecular target as that responsible for acute toxicity in the nervous system, is a true indicator of effect, while PCHE can only be used as an indicator of exposure. 

Biological monitoring of exposure to coumarin derivatives can be performed by determination of the unchanged compound and/or its metabolites in blood and urine (Table 6). Analytical complexity and the lack of knowledge about the dose-effect relationship in exposed subjects are the primary limitations of this method. 

Kurttio, P, Vartianen T., and Savolainen, K. (1990) Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to ethylene-Us-dithioca rba matc fungicides and ethyle-nethiourea. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47 203-206. 

Aprea, C., Sciarra, G., Sartorelli, P., Desideri, E., Amati, R., and Sartorreli, E. (1994) Biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus insecticides by assay of urinary alkylphosphates influence of protective measures during manual operations with treated plants, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 66 333-338. 

Urinary levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, its metabolites and total phthalates have been shown in a few studies to be higher in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-exposed workers than in non-exposed workers and in post-shift samples than in pre-shift samples. No standard method has been proposed for biological monitoring of exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (Liss et al, 1985 Nielsen et al, 1985 Dirven et al, 1993a). 

Tardif, R., Plaa, G.L. Brodeur J. (1992) Influence of various mixtures of inhaled toluene and xylene on the biological monitoring of exposure to these solvents in rats. Can. J. Pharmacol., 70, 385-393... 

Jakubowski, M., and M. Trzcinka-Ochocka. 2005. Biological monitoring of exposure Trends and key developments. J. Occup. Health 47(l) 22-48. 

Bernard, A.B. and R. Lauwerys. 1986. Present status and trends in biological monitoring of exposure to industrial chemicals. J. Occup. Med. 28(8) 558-562. 

Bernard, A., and R. Lauwerys. 1987. General principles for biological monitoring of exposure to chemicals. Pp. 1-16 in Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Organic Compounds, M.H. Ho, and H.K. Dillon, eds. New York Wiley. 

Viau, C. 2002. Biological monitoring of exposure to mixtures. Toxicol. Lett. 134(l-3) 9-16. Viau, C. 2005. Biomonitoring in occupational health Scientific, socio-ethical, and regulatory issues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207(suppl. 2) S347-S353. 

Barr, D.B., R.Y. Wang, and L.L. Needham. 2005. Biologic monitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals throughout the life stages Requirements and issues for consideration for the National Children s Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(8) 1083-1091. 

Aprea, C. et al., Biologic monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in 195 Italian children, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 521-525, 2000. 

De Flora S, Serra D, Basso C, et al. 1989. Mechanistic aspects of chromium carcinogenicity Biological monitoring of exposure and the response at the subcellular level to toxic substances. Arch Toxicol Suppl 13 28-39. 

Lewalter J, Korallus U, Harzdorf C, et al. 1985. Chromium bond detection in isolated erythrocytes A new principle of biological monitoring of exposure to hexavalent chromium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 55 305-318. 

Boogaard PJ, van Sittert NJ. 1995. Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene a comparison between S-phenylmercapturic acid, trans,trans-muconic acid, and phenol. Occup Environ Med 52 611-620. 

Shih, M.L., McMonagle, J.D., Dolzine, T.W., Gresham, V.C. (1994). Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic OP agents. J. Appl Toxicol. 14 195-9. 

Hansen JC. 1991. Mercury and selenium concentrations in Greenlandic mother-infant blood samples. In Dillon HK, Ho MJ, eds. Biological monitoring of exposure to chemicals Metals. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons, 11-25. 

Johanson G. 1988. Aspects of biological monitoring of exposure to glycol ethers. Toxicol Lett 43(l-3) 5-2L... 

Johanson G, Michel I, Norback D. et al. 1989. Biological monitoring of exposure to ethylene glycol ethers. Arch Toxicol (Suppl 13) 108-111. 

Ovrebo S, Haugen A, Fjeldstad PE, et al. 1994. Biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in an electrode paste plant. J Occup Med 36(3) 303-310. 

Chang MJ, Lin CY, Lo LW, Lin RS. Biological monitoring of exposure to chlorpyrifos by high performance liquid chromatography. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1996 56 367-74. 

Bos RP, Jongeneelen FJ. 1988. Nonselective and selective methods for biological monitoring of exposure to coal-tar products. IARC Scientific Publications 89 389-395. 

The Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Organic Compounds... 

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