Biological monitoring solvents

Droz PO, Wu MM, Cumberland WG. 1989a. Variability in biological monitoring of organic solvent exposure. II. Application of a population physiological model. BrJ Ind Med 46 547-558. 

SatoA. 1993. Confounding factors in biological monitoring of exposure to organic solvents. IntArch Occup Environ Health 65 S61-S67. 

Bartolucci GB, Perbellini L, Gori GP, et al. 1986. Occupational exposure to solvents Field comparison of active and passive samplers and biological monitoring of exposed workers. Ann Occup Hyg 30(3) 295-306. 

Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K. 1992. Urinalysis vs. blood analysis as a tool for biological monitoring of solvent exposure. Toxicol Letters 63 333-343. 

Periago FJ, Luna A, Morente A, et al. 1991. Design and evaluation of an exhaled breath sampler for biological monitoring of organic solvents. J Appl Toxicol 12(2) 91-96. 

Tardif, R., Plaa, G.L. Brodeur J. (1992) Influence of various mixtures of inhaled toluene and xylene on the biological monitoring of exposure to these solvents in rats. Can. J. Pharmacol., 70, 385-393... 

Triebig G, Schaller KH. 1986. Air monitoring of solvent exposed workers with passive samplers in comparison to "biological monitoring (BM)." Toxicol Environ Chem 12 285-312. 

Ikeda M, Koizumi A, Kashara M. 1987. Validation of passive dosimetry through biological monitoring and its application in solvent workplaces. In Berlin A, Brown RH, Saunders KJ, eds. Diffusive Sampling, An Alternative Approach to Workplace Air Monitoring, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Luxembourg, 22-26 September 1986, London, Royal Society of Chemistry. 

MonsterAC. 1986. Biological monitoring of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. JOccupMed 28 583-588. 

Sato A, Endoh K, Kaneko T, Johanson G. Effects of consumption of ethanol on die biological monitoring of ejqiosure to organic solvent vapours a simulation stucty with trichloroethylene. BrJIndMed (1991) 48, 548-56. 

Biological monitoring of solvents in human body fluids... 

The biological monitoring of solvents emitted from paints or varnishes on humans is not well developed. In two studies,solvents from paints and varnishes were determined in blood, urine and internal breath. Blood and urine analysis is less sensitive than internal breath measurements. This was carried out in a study on exposure to paints in aircraft maintenance. ... 

Exposure to styrene is the main occupational hygiene problem in reinforced plastics industry, where it is used as a crosslinking agent and solvent in unsaturated polyester resins. In addition, workers are exposed to acetone which is used as a clean-up solvent. Other solvents, such as methylene chloride, toluene, xylene, heptane (TLV 400 ppm, the Finnish OEL 300 ppm), methylcyclohexane (TLV and the Finnish OEL 400 ppm), and butyl acetate (TLV and the Finnish OEL 150 ppm) may also be used. Styrene is neurotoxic. Styrene is also a suspected carcinogen because it is metabolized via styrene-7,8-oxide. The TLV and the Finnish OEL of styrene is 20 ppm. Urinary mandelic acid concentration is the most common biological monitoring method for styrene. The ACGIH BEI is 800 mg/g creatinine and the FIOH BEI 3.2 mmol/1. 

Dimethylacetamide is used as a solvent in the manufacture of plastics and as a paint remover. Occupational poisoning and hepatotoxicity to extreme eoneentrations of dimethylacetamide (DMA) are reported in the medical literature. Deereases in hepatie clearance measures and alterations in hepatic transaminases with hepatomegaly have been reported at lower doses.Like dimethylformamide, DMA is readily absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposures in workers exposed to low air concentrations of DMA of less than 3 ppm and with biological monitoring assessments to measure dosages by dermal absorption demonstrated little evidence of hepatotoxicity by clinical chemistries. "... 

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