Metals biological monitoring

B. L. Carson, H. V. Ellis, and J. L. McCann, Toxicology and Biological Monitoring of Metals in Humans, Lewis Pubhshers, Chelsea, Mich., 1986. 

T. W. Clarkson, ed.. Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1988. 

H. K. Dillon and M. H. Ho, Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Metals, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

Jenkins DW. 1980. Biological monitoring of toxic hace metals. Vol 1, Biological monitoring and surveillance. U.S. Envhonmental Protection Agency 600/3-80-091. 

Jenkins, D.W. 1980. Biological monitoring of toxic trace metals. Volume 2. Toxic trace metals in plants and animals of the world. Part 1. 11.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/3-80-090. 503 pp. 

Powell, M.L. and K.N. White. 1990. Heavy metal accumulation by barnacles and its implications for their use as biological monitors. Mar. Environ. Res. 30 91-118. 

Navrot, J., A J. Amiel, and J. Kronfeld. 1974. Patella vulgata a biological monitor of coastal metal pollution — a preliminary study. Environ. Pollut. 7 303-308. 

Nehring, R.B. 1976. Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 147-154. 

Angerer J, Lehnert G. 1990. Occupational chronic exposure to metals. II Nickel exposure of stainless steel welders—biological monitoring. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62 7-10. 

For a metal such as arsenic that can be absorbed from common seafood items in the diet, potential non-occupational sources should always be considered in the development of biological monitoring programs (3). 

The judicious use of biological monitoring entails the scheduled administration of the test within the context of the exposure history. The usefulness of urinary concentrations of heavy metals, such as uranium, can be highly dependent upon the time between the collection of the specimen and the last exposure (12). The assessment of blood cholinesterase levels is similarly dependent upon the temporal relationship between the administration of the test and the exposure (13). The designation of an exposure or medical parameter as normal or abnormal can be made in relationship to the individuals baseline status 0,J ) or in reference to results from a statistically generated reference group (14,15). 

Exposure Levels in Humans. Silver has been detected in the blood, tissues, urine, and feces of humans. The only biological monitoring studies located consisted of small numbers of worker populations in chemical manufacturing industries. Studies that better characterize important sources of general population exposure and define populations with potentially high exposure, such as those located near hazardous waste sites, would be helpful. More specific information concerning the chemical from of silver present at hazardous waste sites would also be useful. These data would assist in developing a more accurate estimate of the potential for silver exposure from hazardous waste sites contaminated with the metal. 

Carson BL, Ellis HV III, McCann JL. 1986. Toxicology and biological monitoring of metals in humans. Chelsea, Ml Lewis Publishers, Inc., 219-225. 

Metals in Blood and Urine Biological Monitoring for Worker Exposure... 

Kneip J, Crable V. 1988. Metals in urine - method 119. In Methods for biological monitoring A manual for assessing human exposure to hazardous substances. Washington, DC American Public Health Association, 229-235. 

ElinderCG. 1987. Biological monitoring of metals. Copenhagen, Denmark World Health Organization. BIOSIS/88/17979, 114-117. 

Aitio A, Jarvisalo J, Kiilunen M, et al. 1988. Chromium. In Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Norberg CF, et al. Eds. Biological monitoring of toxic metals. New York, NY Plenum Press, 369-382. 

Lauwerys RR. 1989. Metals — Epidemiological and experimental evidence for carcinogenicity Biological monitoring of exposure and the response at the subcellular level to toxic substances. Arch Toxicol Suppl 13 21-27. 

Llobet JM, Granero S, Schuhmacher M, et al. 1998a. Biological monitoring of environmental pollution and human exposure to metals in Tarragona, Spain. II. Levels in autopsy tissues. Trace Elem Electrolytes 15(l) 44-49. 

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