Exposure biological monitoring

Caperos JR, Droz PO, Hake CL, et al. 1982. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane exposure, biologic monitoring by breath and urine analyses. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 49 293-304. 

The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee s exposure to dimethyl acetamide in any 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week shall not exceed a time-weighted average of 10 ppm DMAC vapor in air by volume or 35 mg/m in air by weight (7). If there is significant potential for skin contact with DMAC, biological monitoring should be carried out to measure the level of DMAC metaboHtes in urine specimens collected at the end of the shift. One industrial limit is 40 ppm DMAC metaboHtes, expressed as AJ-methylacetamide [79-16-3] for individuals, and 20 ppm metaboHte average for workers on the job (8). 

H. K. Dillon and M. H. Ho, Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Metals, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

For a few substances exposure may be assessed using biological monitoring (see page 114). Depending upon the substance the sampling strategy varies from post shift, random, or pre-shift the day after exposure. 

Pre-employment medical for selection and establishment of base levels Working conditions in specific areas Employees routine medicals, exposure profiles Biological monitoring where appropriate... 

HS(Gjl67 Biological monitoring m the workplace - a guide to its practical application to chemical exposure... 

While occupational hygiene measurements always measure only the concentrations of chemical compounds present in the occupational environment, i.e., the potential dose, the analysis of biological specimens predominantly reflects the body burden. Furthermore, biological monitoring is always limited to assessment of individual exposure. Personal occupational hygiene sampling takes into consideration only some of the individual factors, e.g., working... 

Barr DB, Barr JR, Driskell WJ, et al. 1999. Strategies for biological monitoring of exposure for contemporary-use pesticides. Toxicol Ind Health 15 168-179. 

Chang MJW, Chen YC, Yang HJ. 1997. Comparative evaluation on the biological monitoring of exposure to parathion and its methyl analog. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32 422-425. 

He F. 1993. Biological monitoring of occupational pesticides exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 93 S69-S76. 

EH56 Biological monitoring for chemical exposures in the workplace. 

Droz PO, Wu MM, Cumberland WG. 1989a. Variability in biological monitoring of organic solvent exposure. II. Application of a population physiological model. BrJ Ind Med 46 547-558. 

Lauwerys RL. 1983. Industrial Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Biological Monitoring. Davis, CA Biomedical Publications. 87-91. 

SatoA. 1993. Confounding factors in biological monitoring of exposure to organic solvents. IntArch Occup Environ Health 65 S61-S67. 

Skender L, Karacic V, Bosner B, et al. 1994. Assessment of urban population exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by means of biological monitoring. Arch Environ Health 49 445-451. 

Vahter M (1982) Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring. Natl Swed Inst Environ Med, Stockholm. 

C.P. Weisskopf and J.N. Seiber, New approaches to the analysis of organophosphate metabolites in the urine of field workers, in ACS Symposium Series Biological Monitoring for Pesticide Exposure Measurement, Estimation, and Risk Reduction, eds. R.G.M. Wang, C.A. Franklin, R.C. Honeycutt, and J.C. Reinert, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 206-214 (1989). 

Techniques for measuring worker exposure and re-entry exposure indirect measurement by biological monitoring techniques (urine)... 

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