Cadmium biological monitoring

Biological monitoring of cadmium workers is also recommended guidance on interpretation of results is given in EHl - Cadmium health and safety precautions.)... 

Vahter M (1982) Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring. Natl Swed Inst Environ Med, Stockholm. 

Morgan, J.E. and AJ. Morgan. 1988. Earthworms as biological monitors of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in metalliferous soils. Environ. Pollut. 54A 123-138. 

Education can effectively minimize exposure to hazardous substances. Information and training has been provided to health care providers in Palmerton, Pennsylvania, concerning biological monitoring and potential adverse health effects in people exposed to lead and cadmium. The general public also has been advised about potential adverse health effects associated with exposure to lead and cadmium. 

Nogawa K and Kido T (1993) Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure in itai-itai disease epidemiology. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 65(1 suppi) S43-S46. 

W. G. Jones, K. F. Walker, Accumulation of iron, manganese, zinc and cadmium by the Australian freshwater mussel Velesunio ambiguus (Phillipi) and its potential as a biological monitor, Austr. Mar. Freshw. Res. 30 (1979), 741-751. 

Brams, E., Anthony, W., and Witherspoon, L. (1989). Biological monitoring of an agricultural food chain soil cadmium and lead in ruminant tissues. J. Environ. Qual. 18, 317. 

Vahter, M., (Ed.), Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium through Biological Monitoring, Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), National Swedish Institute of Environmental Medicine and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 1982, pp. 1-136. 

It can be seen from equation (2) that when the constant b approaches 0, no correction is required, i.e., the observed concentration is independent of urinary flow rate. This, however, does not seem to be true for any chemical studied (including, especially, creatinine) (Araki et al., 1990). When b approaches 1, the corrected concentration is proportional to urine flow rate, and correction to relative density is rather accurate. This is the case for mercury (Araki et al., 1990), and nickel in some circumstances (Nieboer et al., 1992). On the other hand, when b approaches 0.67, the b constant for creatinine (Araki et al., 1990), correction to creatinine excretion would seem most appropriate in routine biological monitoring. Manganese and cadmium are candidates for this approach. Chro-... 

Cesco, S., Barbattini, R. and Agabit, M.F. (1994). Honey bees and bee products as possible indicators of cadmium and lead environmental pollution An experience of biological monitoring in Portogruaro city (Venice, Italy). Api-coltura 9,103-118. 

Figure 3 Illustrates the problem faced by the IAEA in the broader context of their trace element laboratory intercomparison program. These data show the reported results of 16 laboratories for measurements of arsenic in the horse kidney intercomparison sample (H-8), based on various versions of atomic absorption spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and Induced X-ray emission analysis. The objective of the horse kidney intercomparison was to assess (and refine) analytical methods for the determination of essential and toxic trace elements in this surrogate for human kidney (2). Kidney, as the main target organ which accumulates toxic elements, was of special Interest with respect to cadmium. Horse kidney, which contains similar levels of cadmium to the human kidney cortex, was selected for the development and maintenance of methods having a demonstrated level of quality to assure reliable biological monitoring of this element. Participants were Invited to analyze some 24 additional trace elements, however.

A) Within two weeks after receipt of biological monitoring results, reassess the employee s occupational exposure to cadmium as follows ... 

E) A statement that the physician has clearly and carefully explained to the employee the results of the medical examination, including all biological monitoring results and any medical conditions related to cadmium exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any limitation on the employee s diet or use of medications. 

Medical Removal Protection (MRP) (I) General (A) The employer shall temporarily remove an employee from work where there is excess exposure to cadmium on each occasion that medical removal is required under paragraphs (l)(3), (l)(4), or (l)(6) of this section and on each occasion that a physician determines in a written medical opinion that the employee should be removed from such exposure. The physician s determination may be based on biological monitoring results, inability to wear a respirator, evidence of illness, other signs or symptoms of cadmium-related dysfunction or disease, or any other reason deemed medically sufficient by the physician. 

The main adverse health effects associated with cadmium overexposure are lung cancer and kidney dysfunction. It is not yet known how to adequately biologically monitor human beings to specifically prevent cadmium-induced lung cancer. By contrast, the kidney can be monitored to provide prevention and early detection of cadmium-induced kidney damage. Since, for non-carcinogenic effects, the kidney is considered the pri-... 

Initial examinations include a medical questionnaire and biological monitoring of cadmium in blood (CdB), cadmium in urine (CdU), and Beta-2-microglobulin in urine (Ps-M) ... 

The biological monitoring program has been designed for three main purposes 1) to identify employees at risk of adverse health effects from excess, chronic exposure to cadmium 2) to prevent cadmium-induced disease(s) and 3) to detect and minimize existing cadmium-induced dis-ease(s). 

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