Biohazard

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. Primary Containment of Biohazards Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995 (available on http // www.niehs.nih.gov/odhsb/biosafe/bsc/bsc.htm)... 

Quality systems require that facilities and equipment should be appropriate to the activities undertaken. Surfaces that are easy to clean and maintain in hygienic condition are a requirement in many situations. For example, cloth-backed chairs would not be acceptable in a laboratory that handled potentially biohazardous materials. Equipment should be checked at installation to demonstrate that it can perform its desired function. This is frequently done using an Installation Qualification, Operational Qualification and Performance Qualification (IQ /OQ/PQ) commissioning process. Routine maintenance and calibration programmes are then required to ensure that equipment continues to deliver the specified performance. 

The architectural services integrate the design of the facility so that it can support the corresponding process the flows of people, materials, products and waste, product separation, sterile processing, sanitary design, biohazard containment, special utilities, and solvent recovery, handling and storage. 

Bouin s solution is one of the traditional ways to harden cell pellet. Some cytologists believe it provides the best cellular details, especially nuclear features in cell blocks.28 The major steps are (1) After centrifugation, fix the cell pellet with Bouin s solution. (2) After 2h, discard the solution. (3) Remove the hardened cell pellet from the tube, wrap it with lens paper, and transfer it into a cassette for further processing. We have been using this method for many years. In our experience, most of the time, ICC results are consistent with IHC from the surgical specimen. The biggest drawback of this method is the toxicity of Bouin s fixative which creates biohazard and safety issues for the laboratory. We also found cell blocks gave poor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results after Bouin s fixation. 

Rowe-Taitt C.A., Hazzard J.W., Hoffman K.E., Cras J.J., Golden J.P., Ligler F.S., Simultaneous detection of six biohazardous agents using a planar waveguide array biosensor, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2000 15 579-589. 

Sometimes in the design of a BSL-4 facility, the full letter of health and safety codes/requirements for the protection of workers can not be met. This is where health and safety specialists must compromise and use their ingenuity to meet the intent of the requirements. For example, it is not always possible to provide a secondary means of egress from each area. Two change facilities are not cost effective or practical. A viable alternative is the use of airlocks with built-in liquid disinfection systems which are not hazardous to humans, but destroy the biohazard. These airlocks must be clearly identified as others are often used for transportation of equipment and other materials and contain hazardous disinfection systems. 

Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) Similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment. Required practices are BSL-1 practices plus limited access, biohazard warning signs, sharps precautions, and a biosafety manual defining any needed waste decontamination or medical surveillance policies. 

BAG BIOHAZARD DISPOSAL A4FLAT 45X38IN PLAS RED HEAT SEAL TOP100S 8105013806463 PG 101.35 ... 

Andrews JM, Sweeney ES, Grey TC, et al. 1989. The biohazard potential of cyanide poisoning during postmortem examination. J Forensic Sci 34 1280-1284. 

Microbial Cell Lines Species, strain, genotype, phenotype, pathogenicity, toxin production, and other biohazard information... 

Fixation procedures are necessary when biohazardous samples are analyzed, and are sometimes used to allow access of membrane impermeant fluorochromes, or to stabilize samples for short-term storage. Optimal fixatives are those that have low autofluorescence and do not significantly affect staining. Paraformaldehyde, at concentrations of 0.5-2%, and ethanol (70%, 4 C) are widely used fixatives for flow cytometry. Combinations of paraformaldehyde with Triton X-100 or saponin have been employed in procedures that fix and permeabilize cells. 

C. A. Rowe-Taitt, 1. W. Hazzard, K. E. Hoffman, 1.1. Cras, 1. P. Golden, and F. S. Ligler, "Simultaneous Detection of Six Biohazardous Agents Using a Planar Waveguide Array Biosensors," Biosensors Bioelectronics 15, 579-589 (2000). 

The exploitation of ambient fuels is attractive in situations where power needs for small electronic devices are distributed, disconnected, and long-term. This might be true for electronic sensor systems for monitoring of plant health, air quality, weather, or the presence of biohazards. In principle, the fuel can be derived from carbohydrates contained in plants or from effluent of human or animal processes. 

Care must be used in handling live cells in culture because potential biohazards exist. Personal precautions should be followed, including the wearing of gloves and protective clothing. 

Universal precautions training that complies with the OSHA standard on occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, as well as a fire training program, should be provided on an annual basis for all laboratory employees. Personnel are required to use proper personal protective devices when handling corrosive, flammable, biohazard, or carcinogenic substances. Eye wash sta-... 

Less obvious are the biological and toxicological hazards from bomb scene debris. Apart from the possibility that malefactors may deliberately incorporate noxious substances in their devices, hazards can be generated from the scene itself For example, victims may have been suffering from an infectious disease, and so victims clothing (which is often soaked in blood) needs to be handled and stored with proper biohazard precautions. Scene debris may also contain dismembered body parts. 

Reception arrangements need to provide for checking the safety of items being submitted, separation of items to prevent cross-contamination, initial identification of submitted material, and the preparation of aU the requisite documentation. After items have been received and documented they wiU need to be transferred to an appropriate storage area, whether this be for trace analysis, biohazard, explosive, flammable, toxic, or bulk debris. It is advisable to have pre-planned quarantine storage for anything whose characteristics or provenance cannot be guaranteed. 

A laboratory must provide adequate and, if necessary, separate space for the performance of routine and specialized procedures. Examples of specialized procedures include aseptic surgery, necropsy, histology, radiography, handling of biohazardous materials, and cleaning and sterilizing of equipment and supplies. 

Parts 58.41 through 58.51 cover the physical facihties of the laboratory. The inspector must determine whether or not the facilities are of adequate size and design for completed or in-process studies. The physical parameters and systems of the facilities as they are used to accommodate the various operations employed in the GLP studies are examined. Investigators also deal explicitly with the environmental control and monitoring procedures for critical areas, especially the rooms used for animal housing, the test article storage areas, and the laboratory areas in which biohazardous material is handled. The procedures and methods for cleaning equipment and areas critical to study conduct as well as the cur-... 

The Vance incandescent disposal system (IDS) is a patented, commercially available, ex situ technology for the treatment of biohazardous medical and other hazardous wastes. 

All gloves, masks, shields, and TiVek gowns are disposable and should be left with the responding EMS crew in the appropriate biohazard bag obtained from such crew. In the event that no EMS crew is present, all contaminated disposable equipment shall be collected, put in a red plastic biohazard bag, and disposed of at a hospital. 

Alibek, K., Biohazard The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World, New York Dell Publishing, 2000. 

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