Biogenic emissions, atmosphere

Meeker, L. D., Mayewski, P. A., Twickler, M. S. et al. (1997). A 110000-year history of change in continental biogenic emissions and related atmospheric circulation inferred from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Ice Core. ). Geophys. Res. 102(C12), 26489-26504. 

Other sources of river sulfate Include natural biogenic emissions to atmosphere delivered to land in rain (3%), votanism (8%) and pyrite weathering (11 %). 

Fall, R Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Higher Plants, in Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (C. N. Hewitt, Ed.), Chap. 2, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999. 

Puxbaum, H., Biogenic Emissions of Alcohols, Ester, Ether, and Higher Aldehydes, in Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere (G. Helas, J. Slanina, and R. Steinbrecher, Eds.), pp. 79-99, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 1997. 

Sturges WT, Cota GF (1995) Biogenic Emission of Organobromine Compounds to the Arctic Ocean and Atmosphere. In Grimvall A, de Leer EWB (eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 385... 

Most of the emissions data available in the literature was obtained within alterniflora marshes, and hence reflect the complexity of this ecosystem. Our data set extends the available emissions data to less complex systems, and at the same time lowers our estimation of the biogenic contribution to atmospheric sulfur loading. Even our highest estimate of biogenic emissions, that of... 

In order to assess the atmospheric significance of the biogenic emission of sulphur, we have chosen to relate the natural flux to the anthropogenic emissions of SO2 over Europe. During winter months the production of DMS in seawater is low and European SO2 emissions are maximal, therefore, the flux of DMS will be of little significance (2). We will, therefore describe and contrast emission rates for spring and summer. 

The DMS emissions from the ocean represent a significant part of the global sulfur flux to the atmosphere. It might be of particular interest to find new reaction routes which couple biogenic emissions from the sea to the chemistry of tropospheric photooxidants by which important properties of the atmosphere are regulated. 

Pyrogenic and natural biogenic emissions to the atmosphere in the Amazon basin may have an impact on the global tropospheric chemistry, because this region exhibits intense convective activity that injects gases and aerosols to high altitudes where they can be transported over long distances (Andreae et al. 1996, 1998, Echalar et al. 1998). Elemental concentrations in aerosols from Amazonia and Africa are very similar (Artaxo... 

In an international effort, the Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory (Keene et al., 1999, and references therein) was compiled which includes chlorine emissions from the following four source-type classes (i) oceanic and terrestrial biogenic emissions (ii) sea salt aerosol production and dechlorination (iii) biomass burning and (iv) exclusively anthropogenic sources like industry, fossil fuel combustion, and incineration. They provide numbers from atmospheric burdens and fluxes for the individual species and sources. 

Levine J. S., Cofer W. R., Winstead E. L., Rhinehart R. P., Cahoon D. R., Sebacher D. I., Sebacher S., and Stocks B. J. (1991) Biomass burning combustion emissions, satellite imagery, and biogenic emissions. In Global Biomass Burning Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications (ed. J. S. Levine). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 264-272. 

Another interesting example of the biological influence on atmospheric chemistry is provided by sulfur. Under natural conditions, sulfur compounds in the atmosphere are provided by the oceanic emission of dimethyl disulfide (DMS). This biogenic emission results from the breakdown of sulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is thought to be used by marine phytoplankton to control their osmotic pre.ssure. The oxidation of DMS leads to the formation of sulfur dioxide, which is further converted to sulfate particles. As indicated above, these particles, by scattering back to space some of the incoming solar radiation, tend to cool the earth s surface. Their presence also affects the optical properties of the clouds, which introduces an indirect climatic effect. 

Measurements in wooded and agricultural areas coupled with emission studies from selected individual trees and agricultural crops have demonstrated the ubiquitous nature of biogenic emissions and the variety of organic compounds that can be emitted. Table 2.12 shows the chemical structures of some of the common biogenic hydrocarbons. Each of the compounds shown in Table 2.12 is characterized by an olefinic double bond that renders the molecule highly reactive in the atmosphere, with the result that the lifetimes of these molecules tend to be quite short. 

Zimmerman, P., Greenberg, J., and Westberg, C. (1988) Measurements of atmospheric hydrocarbons and biogenic emission fluxes in the Amazon boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1407-1416. 

The chemical composition of the atmosphere is determined by the emission of compounds from marine and terrestrial biospheres, anthropogenic sources and their chemistry and deposition processes. Biogenic emissions depend on physiologi-... 

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