Satellites imagery

Phytoplankton blooms can be monitored also from space. The oceanographic ocean color sensors installed on satellites measure the visible and near-infrared spectral range to identify optically active water constituents, such as chlorophyll, yellow substance, and suspended matter, and to perform a required atmospheric correction. The polar orbit and the swath of most oceanographic sensors permit a daily coverage of the Baltic Sea with a spatial resolution of 1 km, or better. The synoptic character and the repeating rate allow studies of the spatial and temporal development of the phytoplankton nearly in real time. 

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From these and other data it follows that accuracy in the estimate of radiation balance as a function of space coordinates depends on cloud distribution, their state, and atmospheric pollution, as well as on the chosen size of pixels for spatial averaging. In this connection, Henderson and Chylek (2005) used image data from the Multispectral Thermal Imager to evaluate the effect of spatial resolution on aerosol optical depth retrieval from satellite imagery. It was shown that aerosol optical depth (AOD) depends weakly on pixel size in the range 40 x 80 m2 to 2,040 x 4,080 m2 in the absence of clouds and changes monotonically with the growing size of pixels in clouds. 

The processing of satellite imagery has shown that fires are not accidental. Fire probability increases, for instance, with fires in the neighborhood of the point considered. Combined analysis of the characteristics of the spatiotemporal variability of fires has made it possible to substantiate 12 typical regimes for fires as well as the dependence of special features of fires on those of the vegetation cover. Though there... 

Lavender S.J. Pinkerton M.P. Moore G.F. and Aiken J. (1998). A comparison of MOS and SeaWiFS satellite imagery in the Western English Channel. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on MOS IRS and Ocean Color (June 10-15, 1998, Berlin). Institute of Space Sensor Technology, Berlin, Germany, pp. 111-115. 

Kasischke E. S., Bergen K., Fennimore R., Sotelo F., Stephens G., Janetos A., and Shugart H. H. (1999) Satellite imagery gives clear picture of Russia s boreal forest fires. EOS, Trans., AGJ/80, 141-147. 

Levine J. S., Cofer W. R., Winstead E. L., Rhinehart R. P., Cahoon D. R., Sebacher D. I., Sebacher S., and Stocks B. J. (1991) Biomass burning combustion emissions, satellite imagery, and biogenic emissions. In Global Biomass Burning Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications (ed. J. S. Levine). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 264-272. 

Variation in soil resource supply accounts for much of the spatial variation in leaf area and GPP among ecosystem types. Analysis of satellite imagery shows that 70% of the ice-free terrestrial surface has relatively open canopies (Graetz, 1991) (Figure 4). GPP correlates closely with leaf area below a total LAI of 8 (projected LAI of 4) (Schulze et al., 1994), suggesting that leaf area is a critical determinant of GPP on most of Earth s terrestrial surface. GPP saturates with increasing LAI in dense canopies, because the leaves in the middle and bottom of the canopy contribute relatively little to GPP. The availability of soil resources, especially water and nutrient supply, is... 

Figure 6. Scotian Shelf and slope-water region. The mean position of a thermal front with surface temperatures of -- 9-11 °C was contoured from satellite imagery and partly from Batfish profiling. The work area for Batfish transects is shown along 63°25 W (10).

Nevertheless, despite these limitations, it will be evident from the succeeding chapters that great advances have already been made even though most of the research spans only a few decades. Modern techniques and instrumentation such as satellite imagery, scanning electron microscopy. X-ray analysis, electron and ion probes and computer assisted analysis are providing... 

Kahru, M., Hakansson, B., Rud, O., 1995. Distribution of the sea-surface temperature fronts in the Baltic Sea derived from satellite imagery. Continental Shelf Research, 15(6), 663-679. 

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