Biofuels woody

Another biofuel of importance is wood. The Forest Service, which is part of USDA, administers national forest lands for the sale of wood for wood fuel. Besides determining the quantity of wood fuel to bring to market by collecting and analyzing statistics on woody biomass supply and use, the Forest Sendee sponsors forest biomass energy-related research in conjunction tvitli federal and state agencies, as well as universities. 

Land availability may not be a major problem, but land use issues need to be coordinated. The long-term production of biofuels in substantial quantities will require a number of changes. Grain surpluses will not provide sufficient feedstocks for the fuel quantities needed. Producers will need to switch to short-rotation woody plants and herbaceous grasses, these feedstocks can sustain biofuel production in long-term, substantial... 

The next generation of biofuel processes should differ from the first in (a) utilizing the whole plant as a feedstock and (b) the use of non-food perennial crops (woody biomass and tall grasses) and lignocellulosic residues and wastes (woodchips from forest thinning and harvest residues, surplus straw from agriculture). 

Energy crops such as short-rotation woody crops, herbaceous woody crops, grasses, starch crops, sugar crops, forage crops, oilseed crops, switchgrass, and miscanthus can be converted to liquid biofuels by thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes. 

Woody biomass. As mentioned earlier, wood is the oldest biofuel. Conventionally, wood would be harvested from forests by simple logging. This conventional method does not replenish the harvested wood and is therefore not sustainable. The current paradigm is to grow wood specifically for purposes of harvesting by means of short-rotation forestry. 

Thermal output was influenced by the fuel caloric value. When adjusting the thermal power for equivalent combustion rates, coal produced the highest thermal output of 41kW, while woody biomass had a maximum thermal power of only 29 kW for bark. This could be attributed to the higher moisture contents and lower carbon content of biofuels. 

Alkalis contained in biofuels vary in a wide range depending on biomass sources. Agricultural residues such as straw are on the top in the alkalis content, followed by grass, short rotation coppices and bark of trees. Woody biomass has the least content of alkalis. In the present work, a straw is used as a typical fuel for potassium release study. The elementary analysis of the straw is given in Table 1. 

Substitution. Additionally substitution effects can appear (that means that one kind of biomass is replaced by another e.g. replacement of woody biofuels by herbaceous biofuels). To what extent these options have an effect on the markets depends on the available or to be developed technical possibilities and the attainable respectively demanded prices on the market. 

A second generation of biofuels, produced from the woody parts of plants, including waste products such as stalks and leaves firom plants grown for food production, could help to avoid partially the above-mentioned problems and it is estimated that this second generation of biofuels contribution will surpass the first generation beyond 2030 [3]. 

The final class of woody biofuels available is urban wood waste. Urban wood waste has long been viewed as a potential source of fiber, and recycling programs have made this source potentially promising. Urban wood wastes include manufacturing residues (e.g., residues from... 

Like the woody biofuels, the herbaceous biomass forms are porous solids, with significant fractional void volumes. Unlike the woody biofuels, however, the agricultural materials contain significant concentrations of inorganic matter, making the calculation of porosity less precise, and less prone to ready quantification by formula. 

Where Vttotal volatile matter on a decimal basis (rather than a percentage basis) and Od is the weight of oxygen in the fuel on a decimal basis. The r for this equation is 0.9S3 over a broad range of biomass and coal fuels. What is apparent from Table 5.5 is that the herbaceous biofuels all exhibit highly similar reactivities—and that these reactivities are comparable to the reactivities associated with woody biofuels, where typical FC7VM ratios are on the order of 0.24, and whaie H/C and 0/C ratios are typically 1.45 and 0.66 respectively. 

Junming, X., Jianchun, J., Jie, C., Yunjuan, S. Biofuel production from catalytic cracking of woody oils. Bioresource Technol 2010, 101, 5586-5591. 

Zhu, J.Y., Pan, X., Zalesny, R.S.J., 2010a. Pretreatment of woody biomass for biofuel production energy efficiency, technologies, and recalcitrance. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87,847-857. 

Red Rock Biofuels EEC Commercial US Woody biomass FT-liquids Under constmction... 

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