Behavioral effects dopamine

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

Garrett BE, Griffiths RR The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 533—541, 1997... 

CBs, like OPs, can cause a variety of sublethal neurotoxic and behavioral effects. In one study with goldfish Carrasius auratus), Bretaud et al. (2002) showed effects of carbofuran on behavioral end points after prolonged exposure to 5 pg/L of the insecticide. At higher levels of exposure (50 or 500 pg/L), biochemical effects were also recorded, including increases in the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The behavioral endpoints related to both swimming pattern and social interactions. Effects of CBs on the behavior of fish will be discussed further in Chapter 16, Section 16.6.1. 

D Mello, G.D. Comparison of some behavioral effects of and electrical brain stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 75 184-192, 1981. 

The behavioral effects of PCP have been associated with excessive release of a wide variety of neurotransmitters in particular, a massive dopamine release may underlie some of the most prominent symptoms of PCP intoxication (Rappolt et al. 1980). Our results readily explain the genesis of such an effect, because activation of presynaptic K channels is one of the primary factors that influences Ca entry into nerve terminals and Ca-dependent transmitter release by limiting action-potential duration and regulating excitabi1ity. 

Johnson, K.M., and Snell, L.D. Effects of phencyclidine (PCP) -like drugs on turning behavior, 3H-dopamine uptake, and 3H-PCP-binding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22 731-735, 1985. 

The administration of low doses of PCP to rodents induces hyperactivity and stereotypy (Chen et al. 1959 ). The observation that neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and pimozide, and adrenolytics such as alpha-methyl paratyrosine antagonize these behavioral effects of PCP suggests that they are mediated by facilitation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission (Murray and Horita 1979). The actions of PCP on central dopaminergic neurotransmission may be similar to amphetamine. A dose of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) in rats, which has no effects when given alone, enhances the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (Balster and Chait 1978). PCP, like dopamine, has also been shown to suppress plasma prolactin (Bayorh et al. 1983). However, the firm establishment of an excl usive relationship between dopamine neuro-transmission and PCP effects is difficult because of the prominent interactions of this drug with other neurotransmitter systems. 

Walsh TJ, Schulz DW, Tilson HA, et al. 1996. Acute exposure to triethyl lead enhances the behavioral effects of dopaminergic agonists Involvement of brain dopamine in organolead neurotoxicity. Brain Res 363 222-229. 

Asencio M, Delaquerriere B, Cassels BK, Speisky H, Comoy E, Protais P. Biochemical and behavioral effects of boldine and glaucine on dopamine systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999 62 7-13. 

Heikkila, R.E., Manzino, L., and Cabbat, F.S., Stereospecific effects of cocaine derivatives on 3H-dopamine uptake correlations with behavioral effects, Subst. Use Misuse, 2, ff5, f98f. 

Steinpreis, R.E. and Salamone, J.D., The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the neurochemical and behavioral effects of phencyclidine a microdialysis and behavioral study, Brain Res., 612, 263,1993. 

Yeghiayan, S.K., Kelley, A.E., Kula, N.S., Campbell, A., Baldessarini, R.J. Role of dopamine in behavioral effects of serotonin microinjected into rat striatum. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 56 251, 1997. 

Spealman R. Modification of behavioral effect of cocaine by selective serotonin and dopamine uptake inhibitors in squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 112 93, 1993. 

Trulson ME, Crisp T, Henderson U. (1983). Mescaline elicits behavioral effects in cats by an action at both serotonin and dopamine receptors. EurJ Pharmacol. 96(1-2) 151-54. 

Pettit HO, Justice JB Jr. 1991. Effect of dose on cocaine selfadministration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 539(1) 94-102. 

The behavioral effects of nicotine have been defined as both stimulant and depressant, effects that are influenced by the present mental status and expectations of the smoker. Smokers may feel alert and relaxed. Nicotine produces myriad effects on the central nervous system (CNS), almost all of which appear to be mediated through nicotinic receptors. Additionally, nicotine influences multiple neuronal systems. One of its most prominent effects is stimulated release of dopamine, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, which is a major component of the reward system. Nicotine also stimulates the release of endogenous opioids and glucocorticoids. 

Dopaminergic activity. Smoke was administered intranasally to mice for 20 minutes twice daily for 3 days before methamphet-amine treatment. The treatment significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity as judged by a lesser depletion of dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid. The lesser effect of methamphetamine on the content of serotonin level was unaltered by prior inhalation of smoke h Tobacco glycoside, administered to mice, increased behavior via dopamine 2 neuronal activity but not dopamine 1 activity in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that smoking can affect the human brain function via not only the nicotinic cholinergic neuron but also the dopamine 2 neuron . 

Glutamate was initially implicated in schizophrenia by studies of the behavioral effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (e.g., PCP, ketamine), which produce psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in healthy subjects and exacerbate psychotic, negative, and cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Studies show that acute administration of NMDA antagonists causes NMDA receptor dysfunction, resulting in decreased inhibition of subcortical dopamine neurons and consequent increased mesolimbic dopamine release. Chronic administration produces decreased release, or hypoactivity, of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (Davis and Lieberman, 2000). 

Rothman RB Baumarm MH (2006). Balance between dopamine and serotonin release modulates behavioral effects of amphetamine-type drugs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1074, 245-60... 

Costall et al. (21) have questioned the relevance of this alpha and beta nomenclature. These workers noted that many of the differences observed between dopamine congeners of the two types in eliciting peripheral and behavioral effects may be attributed to ability to penetrate into the CNS, differential distribution, and differing susceptibility to Inactivation by COMT or MAO. The question of relative potency In comparing alpha rotameric types with beta rotameric types Is heavily dependent on which type of bioassay is employed. This problem is compounded by the fact that a large number of novel dopamine agonist types have not been completely evaluated pharmacologically. Each laboratory seems to have a particular series of assays and it is seldom that a compound is examined in all relevant tests. 

The synthesis [111] and examination of 1-p-toluenesulfonyl-6,7,8,9-lelrahydro-N,N-di- -propyl-lH-bcnz [g]indol-7-amine (TPBIA in Fig. 5) for behavioral effects in rats related to interactions with central dopamine receptors showed remarkable antioxidant activity. Because TPBIA has increased lipophilicity, penetrating the blood-brain barrier in a considerable degree was expected and it was found that it completely inhibits the peroxidation of rat liver microsome preparations [112]. 

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