Amphetamines types

MDMA typifies a central problem with the substituted amphetamine-type substances The fact that we know so little about any of these kinds of drugs. What does MDMA actually do What are the psychopharmacologi-cal properties that make it attractive for recreational use Is it just another hallucinogenic amphetamine, as some have asserted In the following... 

Rothman, R.B., Baumann, M.H., Dersch, C.M. et al. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse. 39 32, 2001. 

Iwata, Y. T, Kanamori, T, Ohmae, Y., Tsujikawa, K., Inoue, H., and Kishi, T. (2003). Chiral analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants using reversed-polarity capillary electrophoresis/positive Ion electrospray Ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 24, 1770—1776. 

With regard to other key chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants, such as 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (3,4-MDP-2-P), l-phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P) and safrole, it has been noted that no country reported any exports of 3,4-MDP-2-P for 2003. Several European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany,... 

The competent authorities of the Netherlands, the task force member responsible for coordinating Project Prism activities in Europe, have launched a specific time-bound operation focusing on backtracking investigations. The operation is aimed at identifying companies and individuals responsible for the manufacture and diversion of precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants, specifically P-2-P, in the region. If successful, the operation may be expanded to include areas beyond Europe. 

Major manufacturing and trading countries now routinely supply pre-export notifications for all shipments of precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants in international trade. The Board has noted that, because of the effective controls and monitoring mechanisms that now exist for the licit trade in the raw materials, traffickers in certain regions are increasingly turning to pharmaceutical preparations as a source of the required precursors, particularly ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. 

Substances used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants... 

Project Prism was launched at the International Meeting on Amphetamine-type Stimulant Precursors, which the Board convened in Washington, D.C., in June 2002. Operational activities commenced in January 2003. 

Increases the release of 439 48 amphetamine-type monoamines into the extraneuronal space, thereby improving fiie effect of ADHD... 

Ephedrine. Is a psychotomimetic (gives an amphetamine type high) in larger doses (25 to 100 mg). Can be reduced to memylamphetamine in one step (find a gentle reduction in the reductions chapter and apply it to an equimolar amount of ephedrine) which is psychotomimetic with a dose of about 5 mg. 

The lack of hydroxyl moieties and the introduction of a methyl group to the side chain makes the molecule more lipophilic and thereby increases its ability to enter the system after oral application and cross the blood-brain barrier. This is the case with indirect sympathomimetic drugs of the amphetamine type. The methyl substituent in the side... 

D. Attention deficit-hyperkinetic disorder and attention deficit disorder are among only a few approved uses of the psychomotor stimulants of the amphetamine type. 

Rothman RB Baumarm MH (2006). Balance between dopamine and serotonin release modulates behavioral effects of amphetamine-type drugs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1074, 245-60... 

Amphetamine-type stimulants are manufactured illicitly using legally-produced precursors, and thus global production can only be estimated indirectly. This production appears to be stable, however, at about 480 mt in... 

In the last decade, the most significant seizure trend has been the increase in the number of seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). These seizures peaked in 2000 at 49 mt, before dropping over the following four years. In 2005, they began to rise again, to 43 mt. 

Cannabis Amphetamine-type stimulants Cocaine Opiates of which heroin... 

Global production of amphetamine-type stimulants seems to have stabilized at around 480 mt in 2005, slightly down from 500 mt in 2000. There has been a decline in ecstasy production (from 126 mt in 2004 to 113 mt in 2005), and a small decline in methampheta-mine production (from 291 to 278 mt) which was offset by an increase in global amphetamine production (from 63 to 88 mt). 

More than half (57 %) of all seizure cases involved cannabis (herb, resin, oil, plants and seeds). Opiates (opium, morphine, heroin, synthetic opiates and poppy seeds), accounted for 17 per cent, with heroin alone accounting for 14 per cent of the total. This is followed by seizures of the amphetamine-type stimulants (12 %). About half of these seizures (or 5.5 % of the total) is accounted for by methamphetamine, followed by amphetamine (2.5 %) and ecstasy (2%) the rest (2 %) includes Captagon tablets (Near East) and Maxiton Forte (Egypt), ephedrone (methcathinone) and various undefined amphetamines. Coca products account for 9 percent of global seizure cases the bulk of coca related seizure cases concern cocaine (8 % of total). 

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