Triethyl lead

Rats are not known to convert triethyl lead to the diethyl form (Bolanowska 1968), but rabbits excrete large amounts of diethyl lead following exposure to alkyl lead (Klaassen and Shoeman 1974). Final conversion to inorganic lead may take place, although trialkyl lead compounds are usually stable in biological tissues. 

Walsh TJ, Schulz DW, Tilson HA, et al. 1996. Acute exposure to triethyl lead enhances the behavioral effects of dopaminergic agonists Involvement of brain dopamine in organolead neurotoxicity. Brain Res 363 222-229. 

Hong, J.S., H.A. Tilson, P. Hudson, S.F. Ali, W.E. Wilson, and V. Hunter. 1983. Correlation of neurochemical and behavioral effects of triethyl lead chloride in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69 471-479. 

It has been shown that trialkyl-lead salts have marked sternutatory action3 when dispersed as a particulate cloud.4 Triethyl-lead fluoroacetate, CH2F C02PbEt3, was therefore prepared with the idea of combining sternutatory action with fluoroacetate-like activity. The compound, a stable, highly crystalline material, was readily prepared by the action of fluoroacetic acid on tetraethyl-lead in the presence of silica gel. As a sternutator it proved to be similar in action to that of the... 

Combination of fluoroacetate activity and certain other recognizable physiological effects have been successfully combined in fluoroaspirin (drugged sleep), triethyl-lead fluoroacetate (sternutation), difluoroethyl phosphorofluoridate (myosis, but not powerful). In general, quaternary ammonium... 

Class B Fluoroacetic acid and salts, e.g. sodium fluoroacetate, triethyl-lead fluoroacetate all simple esters of fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetamide and substituted amides fluoroacetamidine hydrochloride fluoroacetyl chloride and fluoride fluoro-ethanol and its simple esters fluoroacetaldehyde. 

The absorption by humans of a sufficient quantity of TEL, either briefly at a high rate (lOOmg/m for 1 hour) or for prolonged periods at a lower rate, causes intoxication. The interval between exposure and the onset of symptoms varies inversely with dose and may last 1 hour to several days. This clinical latency is related to the time it takes for TEL to be absorbed, distributed, and metabolized to triethyl lead before toxic action develops. ... 

Ignition charge suitable for electric blasting caps and containing bis-Triethyl Lead Styphnate, C6H(N02)3 [OPb(C2H5)3] USP 2105635 (1938)... 

Di-triethyl Lead Azoaminotetrazole or Bis-triethyl Lead Azoaminotetrazole. It... 

Organic lead is probably more toxic than inorganic lead, as it is lipid soluble. For example, triethyl lead, which results from breakdown of tetraethyl lead, is readily absorbed through the skin and into the brain and will cause encephalopathy. Symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, and ataxia, and the effects are rapid. Organic lead, however, has no effect on heme synthesis. 

Table I. Analysis of Complex of Triethyl Lead Chloride and Sodium Diethyl Dithiocarbamate...

Owing to the inadequacy of the mathematical model available for analysis of the amine extraction system (7), accurate values of the stability constants could not be evaluated for the Hs Pbn1-" system in the presence of NaCl. However, using the values of stability constants obtained by Bertazzi for the system (C2H5)3PbCln1 n in LiCl at 8.0 m (10), viz. 0 = 3.5, 02 = 1.0, 0s = 0.1, the neutral species Hs PbCl0 (n = 1) is seen to be dominant. Therefore a simple solvent extraction would be expected to remove a certain amount of triethyl lead from solution. As shown in Table II, this is seen to be so. However,... 

Figures 4 and 5 for Vaq/Vorg = 5.0 show that removal of organic lead corresponds closely to that which would be obtained for a theoretical 1 1 complex in the absence of sodium chloride. Variations in extraction efficiency are observed for different solvents, but for all of the solvents employed a ratio Cr/Cl = 1.0 is sufficient to reduce an initial triethyl lead chloride level of 10 ppm to <1 ppm. A comparison of solvents used suggests an approximate order of effectiveness (corresponding to solubility of the organo-lead complex Hs PbSCSN Hs and also the neutral species Hs PbCl0 in the solvent) of the form shown in Table IV.

While organo-lead removal is a function of the solvent employed, the level to which the concentration can be reduced depends upon the interaction of the variables Vaq/Vorg and Cr/Cl- This effect is clearly illustrated in Table V for the solvent C15H32 at an initial triethyl lead chloride level of 27 ppm. 

The initial aqueous phase concentration of triethyl lead chloride was approximately 20 ppm, determined accurately in each case. The sodium chloride concentration was maintained at 0.83 m and the reagent-to-lead ratio, Cr/Cl at 3.0, thus ensuring complexing at the phase ratio employed, Vaq/Vorg = 2.0. The volume of the aqueous phase was 400 ml, and that of the organic phase, xylene, 200 ml. The extraction, conducted at ambient conditions of 16-18°C, was followed by a determination of the concentration of triethyl lead in the aqueous phase at time intervals up to 150 min. 

In order to examine the influence of sodium chloride concentration on the distribution of triethyl lead chloride between an organic and aqueous phase, distribution studies were initiated. The solvent chosen for the initial studies was benzene because it had been shown that up to 30% of triethyl lead chloride is transferred to the organic phase as the neutral species Hs PbCl0 when using the chemical complexing-solvent extraction technique. 

Aliquots of 60 ml of an aqueous phase containing varying concentrations of triethyl lead chloride and sodium chloride were shaken with 10 ml of benzene... 

From the evidence of the foregoing studies, the following mechanism of extraction of triethyl lead chloride from aqueous solution using an organic solvent... 

Di-triethyl lead azoaminotetrazole see 1,3-Bis (lH-tetrazolyl-5)-triazene 2 B158 5 D1521... 

Di (triethyl) lead styphnate see Bis (triethyl)-lead styphnate 2 B160... 

Many other ignition compns have been patented such as bis-triethyl lead styphnate, triethyl lead -basic lead styphnate, triethyl lead azide, mono -triethyl lead azo-aminotetrazole, bis-triethyl lead azoaminotetrazole, triethyl lead azidodithio-carbonate, diethyl lead diazide bis-basic diethyl lead styphnate, etc. The ignition compns mentioned above have an "overall lag of less than 0.0009 secs when fired at 12 amps, but in some cases this lag is even smaller, viz, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0004, 0.0005 or 0.0006secs... 

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