Behavioral and Psychological Effects

The nicotine patch is a popular type of nicotine replacement therapy. 

The traditional goal of treatments for cigarette smoking is zero tolerance for nicotine, or abstinence from any use of tobacco products. 

As you might have guessed, the nicotine replacement methods mentioned In this chapter are one way for individuals to ingest nicotine without exposing others or themselves to the toxic compounds in cigarette smoke. 

The prevalence of smoking among U.S. adults began to decline in 1965 and continued on that trend for the rest of the 20th century. A major reduction in the number of current smokers and an increase in the number of former smokers seem to be related to the U.S. Surgeon General s 1964 report, and subsequent 

Pharmacological, psychological, and social/ environmental factors combine to make nicotine a drug with high dependence liability. The major motivator in continuing tobacco use is nicotine. 

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Behavioral and Psychological Effects Interactions among Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol... 

Cannabinoid Research Methods and Protocols is to provide experimental protocols for scientists interested in marijuana-carmabinoid research from genes to behavior. Although the effects of marijuana use and its medicinal applications may be influenced by multiple genetic factors, the role of environmental factors in the behavioral and psychological effects should not be overlooked, although these may be difficult to replicate in animal models. Nevertheless, animal models are widely used to study the physiological and behavioral correlates of human disorders. Of course, where applicable, humans have been used to study the biochemical, physiological, and behavioral effects of mari-juana-cannabinoids as documented here. 

The consumer may alter his smoking behavior based on sensory information so as to modify the sensory, chemical, and physiological properties of the smoke. This has imphcations for the physiological and psychological effects of smoking, since they may be affected by smoke dose and composition (R.J. Reynolds 1999). 

Tourette s syndrome is a well-studied condition, characterized by motor and phonic tics and by behavioral and psychological problems. While many neurotransmitters were implicated in the etiology of this disorder, it is now believed that the dopaminergic system and noradrenergic systems are involved. Two major clinical trials (Shapiro et ah, 1989 Sallee et al, 1997) indicated that haloperidol and pimozide reduced the severity of tics by 65%. However, these medications are associated with side effects (including possible cognitive impairment, sedation, dysphoria, and tardive dyskinesia) that may limit their effectiveness in children with MR. 

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), which are analogs of the male hormone testosterone, are used among athletes and bodybuilders. AAS alter the hormonal systems of males and females, and induce many adverse effects. In addition to the sex-related changes, violent behavior and psychological dependence can also occur. The use of AAS in professional sports as well as in high school sports has aroused considerable attention. 

A meta-analysis of the effect of olanzapine for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia has shown that olanzapine may also be associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse effects (598). Nevertheless, several studies have not found any association between the use of atypical neuroleptic drugs and cerebrovascular events (599) (600). 

In this section we review both the acute and chronic effects of alcohol consumption. We first go over alcohol s many acute physiological, sensory-motor (sensorimotor), and psychological effects. We also di.scuss several topics of special societal concern related to alcohol s acute effects, including aggression, sexual behavior, and driving. 

Hishikawa N, Takahashi Y, Amakusa Y, Tanno Y, Tuji Y, Niwa H et al (2012) Effects of turmeric on Alzheimer s disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ayu 33 499-504... 

Insufficient sleep, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders have a physiological root with added behavioral and psychological components that lead to poor sleep, sleep loss, negative effect of da5flime efficiency, and health deterioration. 

The supervision of employees undertaking work activities is not a new concept, and research has been conducted focusing on different forms of supervision and supervisory behaviors and their effects on employee performance. Many classical studies in the field of occupational psychology, for example, have demonstrated that the quality of supervision is directly related to worker productivity (e.g., Mowry, 1957). A series of seminal studies focusing on leadership undertaken at the Personnel Research Board of Ohio State University investigated the description and assessment of leadership and its effects on employee performance, one of the outputs of which was the Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire (SBDQ) (Fleishman, 1953). 

As we noted earlier, caffeine affects not only arousal, but also other behavioral influences such as attentional focus. However, it now appears that these other effects may be secondary to the impact of the drug on arousal and that a multi-factorial model incorporating the inverted-U function may best describe that relationship. Most results in the literature to date are supportive of the biobehavioral model proposed here. However, research on the psychological effects of acute and habitual caffeine... 

Adverse reaction. Unwanted effect(s) (i.e., physical and psychological symptoms and signs) resulting from treatment. A less rigid definition of adverse reaction includes the previous definition plus any undesirable effect or problem that is present during the period of treatment and may or may not be a well-known or obvious complication of the disease itself. Thus, many common personality, physical, psychological, and behavioral characteristics that are observed in medicine studies are sometimes characterized as adverse reactions even if they were present during baseline. 

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