Before-the-fact

It follows that although the thermodynamic functions can be measured for a given distribution system, they can not be predicted before the fact. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic properties of the distribution system can help explain the characteristics of the distribution and to predict, quite accurately, the effect of temperature on the separation. 

Recently, attempts have been made to analyze hazards on a sound, predictive basis, not only to eliminate the risk involved in handling a new material or changing a process but to allow the process itself to be designed to produce the desired material at the lowest risk to personnel, property, and product—a sort of before-the-fact value engineering. 

All of these points being made, even computational chemistry is not without cost. In general, the more sophisticated the computational model, the more expensive in terms of computational resources. The talent of the well-trained computational chemist is knowing how to maximize the accuracy of a prediction while minimizing the investment of such resources. A primary goal of this text is to render more clear the relationship between accuracy and cost for various levels of theory so that even relatively inexperienced users can make informed assessments of the likely utility (before the fact) or credibility (after the fact) of a given calculation. 

Various schemes exist to try to reduce the number of CSFs in the expansion in a rational way. Symmetry can reduce the scope of the problem enormously. In die TMM problem, many of die CSFs having partially occupied orbitals correspond to an electronic state symmetiy other than that of the totally symmetric irreducible representation, and dius make no contribution to the closed-shell singlet wave function (if symmetry is not used before the fact, die calculation itself will determine the coefdcients of non-contributing CSFs to be zero, but no advantage in efdciency will have been gained). Since this application of group dieoiy involves no approximations, it is one of the best ways to speed up a CAS calculation. 

Since achieving 95% ee only involves energy deferences of about 2 kcal, which is no more than the barrier encountered in a simple rotation of ethane, it is unlikely that before the fact one can predict what kind of ligand structures will be effective. 

Another example will help to bring the point home. When people try to make up their mind whether to participate in a cooperative venture, such as cleaning up litter from the lawn or voting in a national election, they often look to see what others are doing. Some of them will think as follows "If most others cooperate, 1 too should do my share, but if they don t I have no obligation to do so." Others will reason in exactly the opposite way "If most others cooperate, there is no need for me to do so. If few others cooperate, my obligation to do so will be stronger." In fact, most individuals are subjea to both of these psychic mechanisms, and it is hard to tell before the fact which will dominate. 

McGraw, M. G. Before-the-Fact Modeling Solves Tower Problem, Electrical World (October 1979). 

I think it is very difficult to build a fence around a particular project within an institution and claim that all of the discovery that happened on the dollars provided by the industrial partner was within that fence. It is difficult to claim that there was no proprietary knowledge or knowledge owned by the university that impacted that discovery in some way because of the context within which the project occurred. It is not easily resolved, and the only way you can approach the problem is to try to delineate before the fact what it is you are going to do, what you expect to arise out of that, and what the relative corporate positions on ownership will be once that project is finished. 

That the verdict was assumed to have been decided before the fact became more and more noticeable as the question was raised whether there would be difficulties in convicting Rudolf of the crime he was accused of, as if it were not the task of the court to determine the truth without respect to party, but rather that it should find guilt whether or not the crime had been committed. 

Electrocydic reactions, then, are completely stereospecific. The exact stereochemistry depends upon two things (a) the number of double bonds in the polyene, and (b) whether reaction is thermal or photochemical. It is one of the triumphs of the orbital symmetry approach that it can account for all these facts indeed, most of the examples known today were predicted by Woodward and Hoffmann before the facts were known. 

Before the fact, constructive criticism should be actively sought from environmentalists. There are several reasons for that ... 

Consistent with the experimental situation shown in Table V, with the exception of M02 and Ag2, the 4d dimers have received relatively little attention from non-empirical quantum chemistry. Given the increased possibilities of measuring the properties of these molecules provided by the new beam spectroscopy techniques, I think it would be very interesting to have more before-the-facts predictions from the various state-of-the-art quantum-chemical techniques. 

Federal planning for commercialization is the focus of another major study that analyzes policy options before-the-fact. Johnson, et al. at the Rand Corporation assessed nine alternative institutional arrangements for developing and commercializing the breeder reactor, ranging from those with heavy private sector initiative to complete government ownership and control (21). 

Aside from more routine methods and sources, hair analyses have been used to diagnose our bodily chemical deficiencies and excesses, and extended even to chart a record of dmg intake. We are not only analyzed post factum, but we may also be programmed ante factum, that is, not only after but before the fact. A transcript of brain wave patterns can indicate personality and mood, and the changes in these patterns that are analyzed by a computer may be used as a lie detector. 

The system safety concept involves a planned, disciplined, systematically organized and before-the-fact process characterized as the identify-analyze-control method of safety [p. 9]. 

While incident analysis is done after-the-fact, task analyses can be made after-the-fact or before-the-fact. Task analysis may be called job hazard... 

The system safety discipline will require the timely identification and subsequent evaluation of the hazards associated with this operation, before losses occur. The hazards must then be either eliminated or controlled to an acceptable level of risk in order to accomplish the goal of relocating the hazardous chemicals. In short, the system safety process will identify any corrective actions that must be implemented before the task is permitted to proceed. The fly-fix-fiy approach discussed earlier has also been described as an after the fact attempt to improve operational safety performance. In contrast, the system safety concept requires before the fact control of system hazards. 

Leading indicators are those measures that can be effective in predicting future safety performance (Dupont Corporation 2000). Leading indicators can be considered before-the-fact measures. These measures assess outcome actions taken before accidents occur and are measures of proactive efforts designed to minimize losses and prevent accidents. Leading indicators can help uncover weaknesses in the organization s operations or employee behaviors before they develop into full-fledged problems. 

The use of unsafe behaviors as a metric provides the safety manager with an additional tool to use for measuring safety program effectiveness. While accidents and losses are after-the-fact metrics, safety performance based upon unsafe behaviors can be considered a proactive before-the-fact activity, which when used with other metrics, can provide the safety manager with an arsenal of safety metrics. 

The first type of behavior-related measures that can be used before the fact, or before an accident occurs, is the percentage of safe behaviors observed for an observation time. The greater the percentage of safe behaviors, the smaller the percentage of unsafe behaviors, and, thus, the fewer chances for an accident. Other types of measures related to the performance of safe behaviors involve a number of activity-based measures. Some of these may include monitoring the number of job tasks evaluated for potential hazards and compliance with various safety regulations, the number of job tasks for which safe job procedures have been established, and the amount of safety training provided to workers. 

Systems safety techniques have been proven a valuable process for assessing the reliability and safety of complex systems. There are a variety of techniques that can be used to identify potential problem areas of the system. The major components of a system include the equipment, the personnel, and the environment. The systems safety techniques can be used before the fact to identify potential situations that can increase the risk for a failure, or they can be used in after-the-fact situations to determine the contributing factors that led to the accident, thus identifying prevention areas for future accidents. 

Software Engineering A New Approach Apollo On-Board Flight Software Effort Lessons Learned Development Before the Fact Development Before the Fact Theory Process... 

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