Discharge condition

Cylindrical alkaline cells are made in only a few standard si2es and have only one important chemistry. In contrast, miniature alkaline cells are made in a large number of different si2es, using many different chemical systems. Whereas the cylindrical alkaline batteries are multipurpose batteries, used for a wide variety of devices under a variety of discharge conditions, miniature alkaline batteries are highly speciali2ed, with the cathode material, separator type, and electrolyte all chosen to match the particular appHcation. 

Electrodes. A number of different types of nickel oxide electrodes have been used. The term nickel oxide is common usage for the active materials that are actually hydrated hydroxides at nickel oxidation state 2+, in the discharged condition, and nickel oxide hydroxide [12026-04-9] NiO OH, nickel oxidation state 3+, in the charged condition. Nickelous hydroxide [12034-48-7J, Ni(OH)2, can be precipitated from acidic solutions of bivalent nickel... 

Moisture may create poor discharge conditions because of material sticking to the belt and to chutes, or it may even reduce capacity if it is present in enough quantity to give the material fluid properties. Even though abrasion may create problems with belt conveyors, these are easier to solve with properly designed belt systems than with most other conveyors. 

For more than one capacitor bank one RVT for each bank will be necessary for the correct discharge of each bank, (Figure 26.5). An RVT, if provided with an additional star-connected tertiary winding rated for 110 V line to line, can aiso check the discharge condition and its duration and if it meets the design requirements. This can even be monitored remotely through a relay and control panel. 

This program helps calculate the rate of methanol formation in mol/m s at any specified temperature, and at different hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methanol concentrations. This simulates the working of a perfectly mixed CSTR specified at discharge condition, which is the same as these conditions are inside the reactor at steady-state operation. Corresponding feed compositions and volumetric rates can be calculated from simple material balances. 

Because of the complex nature of the discharge conditions, GD-OES is a comparative analytical method and standard reference materials must be used to establish a unique relationship between the measured line intensities and the elemental concentration. In quantitative bulk analysis, which has been developed to very high standards, calibration is performed with a set of calibration samples of composition similar to the unknown samples. Normally, a major element is used as reference and the internal standard method is applied. This approach is not generally applicable in depth-profile analysis, because the different layers encountered in a depth profile of ten comprise widely different types of material which means that a common reference element is not available. 

Fig. 4.37. Depth (temporal) profile obtained on a multilayer coating produced by plasma vapor deposition (PVD) using optimized rf-glow discharge conditions. Layer thickness ...

Sizing for Flashing Liquids - PR valves handling fluids which are liquid at inlet conditions but which flash wholly or partially to vapor at discharge conditions can be sized using the following procedure ... 

X = Latent heat of vaporization of the liquid in the vessel, Btu/lb, evaluated at the pressure existing at the PR valve inlet under full discharge conditions. 

Because of extreme venting conditions assumed, effective stack heights and resultant plumes from both 3- and 5-minute discharge conditions attain heights beyond the micro-meteorological conditions assumed in accepted computation models. It is therefore highly probable there will be considerably further atmospheric dispersion and diffusion of the VCM than predicted in the results shown. That is, the ground level concentration can be expected to be considerably lower than the values shown in Table 6. 

Considering that most of the data were obtained using round nozzles with jet characteristics close to ideal discharge conditions (K = 6.88, A, = 5.85), Eq. (7.92) can be ptesented as ... 

Reheat involves steam-to-steam heat exchange using steam at boiler discharge conditions. In the reheat cycle, after partially expanding through the turbine, steam returns to the reheater section of the boiler, where more heat is added. After leaving the reheater, the steam completes its expansion in the turbine. The number of reheats that are practical from a cycle efficiency and cost colisidcratioli is two. 

Work of Compression. This is the enthalpy of a lb of refrigerant at compressor discharge conditions minus the enthalpy of a lb of refrigerant at compressor suction conditions. 

Gas volumes are corrected at the intake conditions on the first and each succeeding stage of the compression step, and compressibility factors are calculated or evaluated at these individual intake conditions. Some manufacturers use the average value between intake and discharge conditions. 

These figures illustrate what takes place inside the cylinder during the compressor s operation. When specifying performance, the actual capacity at suction and/or discharge conditions must be specified. 

Prime ( ) = interstage discharge condition, reduced by the pressure drop through the intercoolers, valves, piping, etc. therefore, a prime represents actual pressure to suction of succeeding cylinder in multistage cylinder system. 

Calculate the specific volume at discharge condition, Vg, using Equation 12-52. 

Vg = specific volume at discharge conditions, fF/lb %C1 = percent clearance = Vp ... 

Changes in differential pressures can be caused by variations in either inlet or discharge conditions (i.e., temperature, volume or pressure). Such changes can cause the rotors to become unstable and change the load zones in the shaft-support bearings. The result is premature wear and/or failure of the bearings. 

Screw compressors have two rotors with interlocking lobes and act as positive-displacement compressors (see Figure 44.11). This type of compressor is designed for baseload, or steady state, operation and is subject to extreme instability should either the inlet or discharge conditions change. Two helical gears mounted on the outboard ends of the male and female shafts synchronize the two rotor lobes. 

The importance of maintaining the flowrate in a pipeline constant may be seen by considering the effect of a sinusoidal variation in flowrate. This corresponds approximately to the discharge conditions in a piston pump during the forward movement of the piston. The flowrate Q is given as a function of time t by the relation ... 

Probe measurements in silane discharges have been reported [296,297]. Apparently, no difficulties were experienced, as the deposited amorphous silicon layer on the tip was sufficiently photoconductive. For typical silane discharge conditions values for are found to be between 2 and 2.5 eV. Electron densities are around 1 x 10 cm - [296]. Probe measurement in the ASTER system failed due to strong distortions of the probe current, even after following cleaning procedures. 

FIG. 43. Measured and simulated thickness profiles on the substrate behind the slit for a film deposited under discharge conditions that typically yield good material properties (a) along the length of the slit, (b) across the slit. The vertical dashed-dotted lines indicate the boundaries of the apertures. The dotted lines represent the measured profiles, the solid lines the simulated profiles. The dashed lines are the simulated deposition profiles of the radicals. (From E. A. G. Hamers. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1998. with permission.)... 

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