Plastic batterie

There have been several reports of all-plastic batteries with PA-electrodes (cell type 4) -249,2S2,253) observcd cell potentials lie between 3.4 and 2.5 V, the short circuit current was 50 mA cm down to 12 mA cm . The overall discharge reaction is ... 

Cadmium Metal - naturally occurring - used in steel and plastics, batteries, cigarette smoke - lung carcinogen... 

Fig. 6.11 Six-cell nickel-meial hydride batiery. 1. positive cap, connected to the nickel oxide electrode 2, can, connected to metal hydride electrode and serving as negative terminal 3. separator 4. cathode 5, anode 6. plastic battery case which contains interconnected cells and electronic management system. (By permission of Duracell.)...

As important as batteries are to modern civilization, a number of inherent problems are associated with them. For example, the lead-storage battery present in all modern motor vehicles is very heavy (it contains one of the densest of common metals, lead) and it must be continually recharged, eventually wears out, and presents serious environmental problems during its manufacture and disposal. After the discovery of conductive polymers, many scientists hoped and dreamed that these materials could he used to make efficient, lightweight plastic batteries. 

All-plastic battery developed at Johns Hopkins University... 

Figure 48. Schematic illustration of the structure of a PEO-LiX complex (Li X" dissolved in poly ethylene oxide193). (The relative magnitudes are not representative.) From Ref.194. (Reprinted from B. Scrosati, Lithium Ion Plastic Batteries. in Lithium Ion Batteries (M. Wakihara and O. Yamamoto eds.), VCH, Weinheim Copyright 1998 with permission from WILEY-VCH, Verlag GmbH.)...

A major goal of the research on conducting polymers has been the development of a rechargeable plastic battery. Cells based on polypyrrole and lithium electrodes have been developed in which the energy per unit mass and discharge characteristics are comparable to nickel-cadmium cells. Current interest appears to center around stable, processable polymers, such as polythiophene and its derivatives, and polyaniline. 

Industrial Cable insulation, abrasive pads, reinforced plastics, battery separators, satellite dishes, artificial leather, coating, etc. 

It was found, however, that improvements in solubility and fusibility were always achieved at the expense of conductivity and stability, and vice versa. Towards the end of the eighties, research began to stagnate and a certain sobering process set in, especially as the expected commercial successes of a first product—a plastic battery—failed to materialise for chemical, technical and economic reasons. Contradictions were also found to exist between theory and experimental facts. 

A battery cell where both the electrodes consist of dopable polymer is shown in Figure 5.23. The electrolyte in this case consists of Li+ClO 4 dissolved in an inert organic solvent, usually tetrahydro-furan or propylene carbonate. When two sheets of polyacetylene or PPP are separated by an insulating film of polycarbonate saturated in an electrolyte (lithium perchlorate), and completely encapsulated in a plastic casing, a plastic battery can be made. The two sheets of polyacetylene or PPP act as both anode and cathode for the battery. A schematic is shown in Figure 5.24. Although doped polyacetylene and polyaniline electrodes have been developed, polypyrrole-salt films are the most promising for practical appKcation. 

An all-plastic battery may have many advantages [26]. For example, a car battery made of polyacetylene could weigh only one-tenth of that of a conventional lead-acid battery. Moreover, batteries with plastic electrodes could be fabricated into odd shapes, such as a flat disc that could be slotted into a car door. Prototype batteries have been made using polyacetylene and poly-p-phenylene electrodes, but a number of technical problems, such as long-term mechanical integrity need to be solved. 

The feasibihty of all-plastic batteries has been demonstrated by construction of such a battCTy from two layers of polyacetylene salt, sandwiching a film of... 

Alternative routes to obtain lithium-ion plastic batteries have considered the use of PAN-based gel-type polymer electrolytes as separators. These electrolyte membranes, although macroscopically solid, contain in their structure the active liquid electrolyte (Figure 7.7). Therefore, they have a configuration which in principle allows a single lamination process for the fabrication of the lithium-ion battery, i.e., a process that avoids intermediate liquid extraction-soaking activation steps. 

Nagatomo, T., G. Ichikawa, and O. Omoto. 1987. All-plastic batteries with polyacetylene electrodes. 7 Electrochem Soc 134 (2) 305. 

B. K Mandal, R. Eftler, J. Eluor. Chem. 2005, 126, 845-848. New fluorine-containing plasticized low lattice energy lithium salt for plastic batteries. 

Concept - recyclable polyester headliner A pillar 100% recycled ABS plastic Battery spacer 100% recycl battery cases... 

The first example of electrochemical PPP doping was reported by Schacklette et al. in 1982 [233]. Since that time, much work has been carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the electrochemical doping mechanism. With a view to the production of high-density rechargeable plastic batteries, PPPs generally synthesized by the Kovacic procedure were used in the form of pellets or powders as active electrode materials [233-236]. 

Polypyrrole has been used in the construction of an all-plastic battery. Polyaniline has become a popular conducting polymer. 

During experiments to find alternate ways of doping polymers, a graduate student of Professor MacDiarmid discovered one of the first practical applications of polyacetylene. He placed two strips of polyacetylene into a solution of doping ions and connected the strips to an electric current. The hope was that the ions would penetrate the polymer under the action of the external electric current. But after the student removed the external electric current, the polymer strips retained a charge and acted as a battery. Since then an all-plastic battery has been developed. Its electrodes are made of conductive polymers, and the electrolyte is a polymer gel. 

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