Cognitive skills

Tsaparlis, 2001 Tsaparlis, 1998 Tsaparlis Angelopoulos, 2000). A real/novel problem requires that the solver must be able to use what has been described as higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) (Tsaparlis Zoller, 2003 Zoller, 1993 Zoller Tsaparlis, 1997). A more thorough classification of problem types has been made by Johnstone (Johnstone, 1993 Tsaparhs Angelopoulos, 2000). 

Expository-type laboratory activities will continue to be needed for the development of basic experimental skills of the students, despite their inefficiency in providing a realistic scientific environment and in promoting the use of higher-order cognitive skills. Even defenders of the conventiorral-type of laboratory and laboratory manrral do not claim that they are always wisely used, nor do they claim that they shorrldbe used exclusively (Ault, 2002 2004). However, the domirrant problem is that despite the fact that research has established the superiority of irrqrriry laboratory activities over verification laboratory activities, cookbook laboratory activities are still prevalent in many high school and college irrstitutions (Monteyne, Mark, Cracolice, 2004). ... 

Zoller, U., Pushskin, D. (2007). Matching higher-order cognitive skills (HOGS) promotion goals with problem-based laboratory practice in a freshman organic chemistry course. Chemistry Education Research cmdPractice, 8, 155-171... 

Zoller, U., Tsaparlis, G. (1997). Higher and lower-order cognitive skills The case of chemistry. Research in Science Education, 27, 117-130. 

Parrott AC and Garnham NJ (1998). Comparative mood states and cognitive skills of cigarette smokers, deprived smokers, and non-smokers. Human Psychopharmacology, 13, 367-376. 

One of the losses Bernard experienced was his dream of earning a doctorate. After he was sensitized to chemicals the classrooms and library made him ill, his cognitive skills were impaired and chronic fatigue limited his activities. 

During 1961, we dropped some performance fasks and added others. My co-workers and I tried out a battery of six cognitive measures - the so-called Texas Battery developed by Moran and Mefford in 1959. The designers had identified six basic cognitive skills, using factor analysis. To allow repeated administration of their brief (fcee minute) tests while minimizing practice effects, they created 20 equivalent forms for each cognitive skill. 

Very rare disorders include juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleucodystrophy, Wilson s disease These conditions are associated with movement disorders, particularly gait disturbance. It is important to attempt to distinguish between primary and secondary (antipsychotic related) movement disorders These conditions are characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive skills (in contrast to the more relative decline seen in schizophrenia and other developmental disorders, where a loss of previously learned skill is unusual)... 

Clearly, more experimental research is needed to tease apart the developmental influences of sleep restriction and/or disruption on a range of daytime functioning behaviors and cognitive skills. Additionally, studies are needed that restrict sleep for extended periods of time to identify deficits that may be associated with the typical sleep patterns of children and adolescents. 

The cognitive connections available through analogies are much more widespread in part because analogies are probably a basic cognitive skill themselves. Orgill and Bodner (2005) discuss that analogies... 

Auditors within the QA group usually possess very good cognitive skills, developed over many years within various aspects of the drug development process. They use their knowledge and experience to provide assistance and practical applications and suggestions to departments and colleagues. 

Miller, K. (1984). The child as the measurer of all things measurement procedures and the development of quantitative concepts. In C. Sophian (ed.), Origins of cognitive skills (pp. 193-228). Hillsdale, N.J. Erlbaum. 

In a 9-week open study of risperidone for agitated behavior in 15 patients with dementia (modal dose 0.5 mg/day), extrapyramidal symptoms developed at some point during the trial in 8 patients, and cognitive skills were impaired in 3 patients (70). Similarly, in 22 patients with dementia and behavioral disturbances, treated with risperidone 1.5 mg/ day (range 0.5 mg qds to 3 mg bd), 50% had significant improvement, but 50% had some extrapyramidal symptoms (71). A further case of a severe extrapyramidal reaction in an old patient with dementia further illustrated these susceptibility factors (72). 

The therapist can play a vital role in the multidisciplinary team approach. As more such teams are formed (by mandate or by choice), there will be increasing need for therapists who have some understanding of the physiology of pain, its medical management, and the therapist s role in helping the patient develop the cognitive skills needed to contain an errant nervous system and still live a full life. 

Lewis, M., Worobey, J., Ramsay, D. S., and McCormack, M. K. 1992. Prenatal exposure to heavy metals Effect on childhood cognitive skills and health status. Pediatrics... 

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