Basis of calculations

Possible numerators include the gross income net pretax income net after-tax income gross profit, ie, gross income minus book depreciation cash flow or net income. An average return value is selected by defining a typical or mature proof year as the basis of calculation. The denominator can be the original total investment, depreciated book-value investment, lifetime averaged investment, or fixed capital investment. 

Algebraic Comptttation This method starts with calculation of the quantities and compositions of all the terminal streams, using a convenient quantity of one of the streams as the basis of calculation. Material balance and stream compositions are then computed for a terminal ideal stage at either end of an extraction battery (i.e., at Point A or Point B in Fig. 18-81), using equilibrium and solution-retention data. Calculations are repeated for each successive ideal stage from one end of the system to the other until an ideal stage which corresponds to the desired conditions is obtained. Any solid-hquid extraction problem can be solved by this method. 

To compensate for these approximations, the remaining integrals are made into parameters, and their values are assigned on the basis of calculations or experimental data. Exactly how many integrals are neglected, and how the parameterization is done, defines the various semi-empirical methods. 

Figure 9.10 shows the flow diagram for production of citric acid in solid-state fermentation. The basis of calculation is 1500 kg citric acid. 

From the theoretical standpoint the above issues are addressed by quantum chemistry. On the basis of calculations of various cluster models [191] the properties of surfaces of solid body are being studied as well as issues dealing with interaction of gas with the surface of adsorbent. However, fairly good results have been obtained in this area only to calculate adsorption on metals. The necessity to account for more complex structure of the adsorption value as well as availability of various functional groups on the surface of adsorbent in case of adsorption on semiconductors geometrically complicates such calculations. 

With simple problems, with only one or two recycle loops, the calculation can often be simplified by the careful selection of the basis of calculation and the system boundaries. This is illustrated in Examples 2.4 and 2.13. 

On the basis of calculation results, full scale experiments were conducted in a test room with a floor area of 9.2 m2 shown in Figure 213. In this experiment, packed beds of FMC-PCM, which shows phase change temperature between... 

According to the experimental data, the calibration coefficients K and K were 0.00424 and 0.0172 tracks/cm /h/(Bq/m ), respectively. The mean value of K determined from the experimental data is higher by 13% than that previously derived purely on the basis of calculation. 

SC-52 Conceptual Basis of Calculations of Dose Distributions SC-53 Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation... 

On the basis of calculations the reductions of depositions and air concentrations of all selected POPs in each particular European countries are evaluated. The relative and absolute reduction of PCDD/Fs deposition over Central and Eastern European countries in comparison with relative emission changes is given in Figures 5(a) and (b). For the considered period the maximum relative decrease in PCDD/Fs depositions was obtained for Bulgaria and Belarus (about 3 times) (Figure 5(a)). At that the character of relative decrease in PCDD/Fs total depositions did not completely coincide with that of emissions. It can partly be explained by the influence of trans-boundary transport of PCDD/Fs and by the impact of re-emission flux in these countries. The highest absolute reduction was observed in Russia, Ukraine and Poland (Figure 5(b)). 

On the basis of calculations made contributions of different groups of emission sources located in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, to HCB depositions over Europe and the Arctic were evaluated (Figures 12(a) and (b)). The contributions of remote source groups in the contamination of these regions are essential. Contributions of Russian emission sources to the European and Arctic contamination amount to about 19% and 31%, respectively. The relevant sum values of Canada and USA are 7% for the European domain and 17% for the Arctic. 

At one time it was believed that cyclooctane occurs in the extended crown form and the saddle conformation as shown below but on the basis of calculations of minimum energy strain, Hendrickson (1964) and Wiberg (1965) suggested that neither of the above two forms is the correct picture. R. Srinivasav and T. Srikrishnan (Tetrahedron 27, 5, 1009-1012, 1971) showed that the molecule exists as the boat-chair form in a number of crystalline derivatives. 

The intake of food additives in general and of intense sweeteners in particular has been discussed in the course of the last few years. Interest has focused on intense sweeteners, although the database for sweeteners and possibilities to exclude excess intake above the acceptable levels on the basis of calculations and estimates are much better than for most other components. 

Taking 1 m3 of gas as the basis of calculation, the following table of data may be completed noting that the inlet dust concentration is 18 g/m3. Thus ... 

However, on the basis of calculations of lattice stabilities from spectroscopic data. Brewer (1967, 1979) has consistently maintained that interaction coefficients can change drastically with composition, and that extrapolated lattice stabilities obtained with simple models should therefore be considered as only effective values. While this may indeed be true when mechanical instability occurs, many of the assumptions which underlie Brewer s methodology are questionable. A core principle of the spectroscopic approach is the derivation of promotion energies which require the definition of both ground and excited levels. Assumptions concerning the relevant excited state have always been strongly coloured by adherence to the empirical views of Engel (1964) and Brewer (1967). By definition, the choice... 

In the study by Parrott et al. [7], a generic PBPK model was applied to predict plasma profiles after intravenous and oral dosing to the rat for a set of 68 compounds from six different chemical classes. The compounds were selected without particular bias and so are considered representative of current Roche discovery compounds. The physicochemical properties of the compounds are rather different from those of marketed compounds in particular they have higher lipophilicity (mean logP = 4) and lower aqueous solubility as well as a tendency to be neutral at physiological pH. The more extreme property values can present experimental determination challenges and so for consistency all predictions were made on the basis of calculated lipophilicity and protein binding while in vitro... 

Net Present Worth In the net present worth method, an arbitrary time frame is selected as the basis of calculation. This method is the measure many companies use, as it reflects properly the time value of money and its effect on profitability. In equation form... 

Of course, it is dangerous to exclude the possibility of aluminium polymerization on the basis of calculations. Reality is invariably more complicated than the simplified models put into computers. However, in view of the uncertainties surrounding existing systems, and the doubts thrown by calculations, any well-defined aluminium alkyl claimed to be active should at least be checked, as an isolated complex, for its propensity to olefin insertion vs. chain transfer, e.g,. using the Al-i-butyl/ethene experiment reported by Jordan [15], as explained above. 

The structure of a natural product hexacyclinol, a polycyclic endoperoxide, was reassigned on the basis of calculated chemical shifts (HF-gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) level of theory) <2006OL2895>. 

Several computational studies have addressed whether the dipolar cycloaddition of nitronates is a concerted or stepwise process (93,100). Natural population analysis reveals that their is very little zwitterionic character in the transition state. The formation of the C C bond marginally precedes the C—O bond on the basis of calculated bond lengths and orders in the transition structure. These calculations also show that the reaction is a concerted process that is shghtly asynchronous. In addition, the cycloaddition likely proceeds through an early transition state and is overall an exothermic process. 

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