Basic Terminology

This chapter covers the basic terminology and theory related to the types of studies that are commonly used to provide information about a reaction mechanism. The emphasis is on the practicalities of determining rate constants and rate laws. More background material is available from general physical chemistry texts and books devoted to kinetics. The reader also is referred to the initial volumes of the series edited by Bamford and Tipper. Experimental techniques that are commonly used in inorganic kinetic studies are discussed in Chapter 9. 

As with most fields, the study of reaction kinetics has some terminology with which one must be familiar in order to understand advanced bool and research papers in the area. The following is a summary of some of these basic terms and definitions. Many of these may be known from previous studies in introductory and physical chemistry, and further background can be obtained from textbooks devoted to the physical chemistry aspects of reaction kinetics. 

In practice, it is not uncommon to define the rate only in terms of the species whose concentration is being monitored. The consequences that can result from different definitions of the rate in relation to the stoichiometry are described below under the defrnition of the rate constant 

The rate law is the experimentally determined dependence of the reaction rate on reagent concentrations. It has the following general form  

The rate law is an essential piece of mechanistic information because it contains the concentrations of species necessary to get from the reactant to the product by the lowest energy pathway. A fundamental requirement of an acceptable mechanism is that it must predict a rate law consistent with the experimental rate law. 

Psychology is the study of behavior, encompassing clinical, developmental, educational, experimental, industrial, social, and physiological psychology. 

Attitudes are enduring reactions toward people, places, or objects, based on our beliefs and emotional feelings. For example, if a person 

Job satisfaction is the specific attitude and emotional feeling that individuals have about their jobs. When workers enjoy what they do, they are said to be receiving satisfaction from the job and this, in turn, may influence employee morale. 

Morale is the meeting of individuals needs and the extent to which employees recognize this meeting of needs comes from jobs. Some researchers believe if morale is low, employee motivation will also be low. 

Motivation is the inner drive, impulse, or need that creates a personal incentive toward behavior. 

Consider the simple circuit shown in Fig. 1.2 in which a direct current / is supplied to two electrolytic cells in series, one comprising two electrodes of silver and the other two of copper. The electrodes are immersed in aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous cupric sulfate respectively. 

The electrode at which current enters each cell is the anode, and the one at which it leaves is the cathode. The liquid phase which completes the electric circuit between each pair of electrodes is called the electrolyte. 

The passage of current through cell (1) causes silver to dissolve from the anode and deposit on the cathode. In cell (2) a similar process occurs with copper. These observations are described in chemical terms as follows. Cathode  

FIGURE 1.2. Diagram depicting two electrolytic cells in series. A = anode C = cathode / = current. 

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In this section, we review the basic terminology and concepts needed to making a financial analysis of an investment. 

The basic terminology of fiber-reinforced composite laminates will be introduced in the following paragraphs. For a lamina, the configurations and functions of the constituent materials, fibers and matrix, will be described. The characteristics of the fibers and matrix are then discussed. Finally, a laminate is defined to round out this introduction to the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite laminates. 

There are basic terminology terms that aid in the description of chains. These arc (see Figure 3-27 [11]) the following ... 

We will have more to say about both of these two possibilities later. In the remaining paragraphs of this section, we introduce (and remind ourselves of) some basic terminology, outline the LST for one dimensional systems and provide a few simple examples of its use. The section concludes with a brief discussion of some subtleties needed to define a LST for systems with dimension d > 1. 

We return here to the issues of molecularity and reaction order, mentioned previously, because they deserve further consideration now that the basic terminology has been introduced. The need for careful usage can best be demonstrated by way of some examples. 

Until now, we have learned the basic terminology that you will need in order to predict products of addition reactions. To summarize, there are three pieces of information that you must have in order to predict products ... 

Understanding how radiation detection occurs requires a working knowledge of basic terminology. 

JP Moss. Basic terminology of stereochemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 2193, 1996. 

Master the basic facts and terms. Few can make sense of the material on prescription drugs without having some familiarity with common terms, names, and acronyms. Try to learn the basic terminology careful and precise usage lends authority to research. 

Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry hitp //www,chem.qmut.ac.uk/iupac/siereo/ Enzyme Nomenclature http //www.chein.qimil.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/... 

What is some basic terminology used to describe organizations ... 

Various types of data may be obtained as a result of sample analysis. There is no doubt, however, that in the majority of cases quantitative data (the amount or concentration of analyte in a sample) are most important. It is therefore worth learning the basic terminology of chemical metrology with reference to the quantitative determination of analytes. The diagram in Figure 19.1 will help put these terms in the correct order on the analyte concentration axis [expressed in the same units as the standard deviation of analytical noise (8)]. 

The complexity of soil notwithstanding, the principal features of its chemical behavior can be understood on the basis of well-established principles and methods for the description of reactions in aqueous systems. Reactions that occur exclusively in the gaseous phase or the solid matrix of soil less often control its chemical behavior than reactions involving the aqueous phase. The basic terminology associated with the latter chemical reactions will be reviewed in the present chapter to provide an initial context for the discussion of equilibria and kinetics to follow. 

In this chapter the mass and fluid transfer processes that dominate as a solvent passes over particles in a packed column bed are summarized in both physical and philosophical terms. To introduce some basic terminology and to put us on common ground, the liquid passing through column is referred to as the mobile phase whilst, in most cases, the solid particle is called the stationary phase. 

The basic terminology used in this review (Fig. 31.1 A) includes the precursor and product, where the precursor can either be labeled or unlabeled. When labeled, the precursor will also be referred to as the source since it supplies tracer to the progressively N enriched product pool. The process of isotope dilution refers to the addition of an unlabeled precursor to the source pool resulting in a decrease in the source isotopic ratio. The precursor could be known, such as for N03 isotope dilution where N02 is the only option, or unknown as with N02 isotope dilution where N03 or NH4+ could be the precursor. Isotopic equilibrium is achieved when the product pool has the same isotopic composition as the precursor pool and it is important to note that isotope dilution fosters this condition. At equihbrium, a rate can no longer be discerned by comparing the isotopic ratios of the pools. As suggested by the unidirectional arrows in Fig. 31.1, an assumption of the tracer method is that isotope recycfing does not occur. However, we know this... 

Figure 1. (a) A sketch by Leonardo da Vinci on tree branching (b) schematic representation of a dendrimer, illustrating the basic terminology of these compounds. 

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