Basic Concepts and Terminology

The reader must have already identified some of the basic concepts which play a key role in understanding the electrochemical activation of heterogeneous catalysis catalysis, electrocatalysis, promotion, electrochemical promotion, spillover, backspillover. It is therefore quite important to define these terms unambiguously so that their meaning is clearly determined throughout this book. 

Catalysis By definition, a catalyst is a substance (in this book a solid) which can accelerate the approach of a reactive gas mixture to equilibrium, without itself being consumed in this process. 

Throughout the book we use the terms catalysis, catalyst and catalytic reaction referring to processes which do not involve any net charge transfer, such as e.g. the oxidation of CO on Pt or the ammonia synthesis on Fe  

Most industrial catalysts are supported, i.e. distributed in fine form (1-10 nm) on the surface of a porous, high surface area and usually inert support (e.g. Si02, y-Al203 Ti02).15 In this book, however, we will deal quite often with catalysts in the form of a porous film deposited on a solid electrolyte. 

Electrocatalysis Again by definition, an electrocatalyst is a solid, in fact an electrode, which can accelerate a process involving a net charge transfer, such as e.g. the anodic oxidation of H2 or the cathodic reduction of 02 in solid electrolyte cells utilizing YSZ  

There was considerable ambiguity and imprecision in the terminology of stereochemistry as it developed during the 20th century. In recent years, stereochemical terminology has clarified. We present here a discussion of the basics, not focused solely on carbon. However, in Section 6.2.4 we will examine carbon specifically. While most of this should be review, perhaps the perspective and some of the terminology will be new. 

The term configurational isomer is a historic one that has no real value in modern stereochemistry. It is generally used to encompass enantiomers and diastereomers as isomers (see definitions for these below), but stereochemical isomers is a better term. The term con- 

Simple flowchart for classifying various kinds of isomers. 

Any object that is nonsuperposable (noncongruent) with its mirror image is chiral. If an object is not chiral—that is, if its mirror image is congruent with the original—it is achiral. 

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY USED TO DESCRIBE THE COMBINED ACTION OF CHEMICALS IN MIXTURES... 

In the following section we use the well-known and rather extensively studied silver iodide surface as a vehicle for introducing the basic concepts and terminology of charged surfaces and the nature of the ionic atmosphere that develops in the vicinity of such surfaces. 

Pfeifer, P. Obert, M. Fractals basic concept and terminology. In The Fractal Approach to Heterogeneous Chemistry Avnir, D., Ed. John Wiley Sons Ltd. New York, 1989 11-40. 

Basic Concepts and Terminology Left side of equation ... 

Ayyappa Ed. 1997. Normal Human Locomotion. Part 1 Basic Concepts and Terminology. /American Academy of Orthosis Prosthetists. http //www.oandp.org/jpo/hbrary/indes/1997 01.asp Accessed on 18th October 2008. 

Type A-standards define basic concepts and terminology, rules for the writing of subordinated standards, requirements as to risk analysis, etc. 

LAP 92] Lapre J.C., Avizenis A., Kopetz H. (eds), Dependability basic concepts and terminology , in Dependable Computing and Fault-Tolerant System, vol. 5, Springer, New York, 1992. 

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