Initiation context

After situating his other-dimensional topic within an initial context of Occult Chemistry, Leadheater s next chapter proceeds to deal with the... 

The complexity of soil notwithstanding, the principal features of its chemical behavior can be understood on the basis of well-established principles and methods for the description of reactions in aqueous systems. Reactions that occur exclusively in the gaseous phase or the solid matrix of soil less often control its chemical behavior than reactions involving the aqueous phase. The basic terminology associated with the latter chemical reactions will be reviewed in the present chapter to provide an initial context for the discussion of equilibria and kinetics to follow. 

Pesole G., Bernardi G., Saccone C. (1999). Isochore specificity of AUG initiator context of human genes. FEBS Letters 464 60-62. 

A CaMV-GUS fusion in pUC19 making use of the observation that the pRAJ275 initiator context gives enhanced translational yields, e.g., a "consensus" CaMV-GUS-NOS cassette. This works well in transient expression in a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant protoplast systems. 

Evaluation of context is needed to help determine the design of the organization s risk management framework. EHS pros need to expand on initial context evaluation and establish context for their particular risk management process (such as injury and illness prevention or a specific risk profile). 

Diflfiisive processes nonnally operate in chemical systems so as to disperse concentration gradients. In a paper in 1952, the mathematician Alan Turing produced a remarkable prediction [37] that if selective diffiision were coupled with chemical feedback, the opposite situation may arise, with a spontaneous development of sustained spatial distributions of species concentrations from initially unifonn systems. Turmg s paper was set in the context of the development of fonn (morphogenesis) in embryos, and has been adopted in some studies of animal coat markings. With the subsequent theoretical work at Brussels [1], it became clear that oscillatory chemical systems should provide a fertile ground for the search for experimental examples of these Turing patterns. 

The theory is initially presented in the context of small deformations in Section 5.2. A set of internal state variables are introduced as primitive quantities, collectively represented by the symbol k. Qualitative concepts of inelastic deformation are rendered into precise mathematical statements regarding an elastic range bounded by an elastic limit surface, a stress-strain relation, and an evolution equation for the internal state variables. While these qualitative ideas lead in a natural way to the formulation of an elastic limit surface in strain space, an elastic limit surface in stress space arises as a consequence. An assumption that the external work done in small closed cycles of deformation should be nonnegative leads to the existence of an elastic potential and a normality condition. 

This accident initiator was not recognized in the context in W hich it occurred to prevent the accident although there had been prior experience at similar plants. 

Breakthrough time In the context of chemical protective clothing, the rime between initial contact of the chemical on the barrier material surface and the analytical detection of the chemical on the other side of the material. 

Every company is unique, and the success of an initiative such as PSM often depends on the mesh between theory and practice the objectives you have established and the context in which you plan to meet them. The framework defined (as in the previous section), while specific, is essentially theoretical different companies might identify the same basic PSM elements, but apply them very differently in their own organizations. 

Modem behavior-modification programs rely on the identification and reinforcement of safe behaviors. Considerable improvements in measures of safety performance have been attributed to the introduction of these approaches (see McSween, 1993, for a petrochemical example). However, other studies have indicated that performance may return to its original level if the programs are withdrawn. It is therefore important to maintain a continuing program to ensure that the initial levels of improvements are maintained. Also, the benefits of behavior modification programs have mainly been demonstrated in the context of work activities where there is a high level of... 

Capital investment decisions are best made within the context of a life-cycle cost analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis focuses on the costs incurred over the life of the investment, assuming only candidate investments are considered that meet minimally acceptable performance standards in terms of the non-inonetary impacts of the investment. Using life-cycle analysis, the capital investment decision takes into account not just the initial acquisition or purchase cost, but maintenance, energy use, the expected life of the investment, and the opportunity cost of capital. When revenue considerations are prominent, an alternative method of analysis such as net benefit or net present value may be preferred. 

The last definition has widespread use in the volumetric analysis of solutions. If a fixed amount of reagent is present in a solution, it can be diluted to any desired normality by application of the general dilution formula V,N, = V N. Here, subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial solution and the final (diluted) solution, respectively V denotes the solution volume (in milliliters) and N the solution normality. The product VjN, expresses the amount of the reagent in gram-milliequivalents present in a volume V, ml of a solution of normality N,. Numerically, it represents the volume of a one normal (IN) solution chemically equivalent to the original solution of volume V, and of normality N,. The same equation V N, = V N is also applicable in a different context, in problems involving acid-base neutralization, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, or other types of titration reactions. The justification for this formula relies on the fact that substances always react in titrations, in chemically equivalent amounts. 

Chemical condensation This occurs when soluble corrosion products or atmospheric contaminants are present on the metal surface. When the humidity exceeds that in equilibrium with a saturated solution of the soluble species, a solution, initially saturated, is formed until equilibrium is established with the ambient humidity. The contaminants have already been detailed and of the corrosion products, obviously sulphates, chlorides and carbonates are most important in this context. However, in some cases there is a lack of reliable data on the vapour pressure exerted by saturated solutions of likely corrosion products. The useful data was summarised in Table 2.7. 

The presence of small quantities of S in steels has little effect on the initial scaling rates in air, but may be detrimental to long-term scale adhesion. Sulphur has, however, been shown to be detrimental to breakaway oxidation in CO/CO2 environments. However, sulphur has been shown to reduce the total uptake of carbon in the steel under CO/C02 and reduce the scale thickening rate. In this context, free-cutting steels were found to oxidise at a significantly lower rate, as did steels subjected to pretreatment in H2S. 

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