Base chemicals vegetable oils

Thus, the use of renewable materials declined significantly over time, mainly due to the extremely low prices for petrochemical resources. Currently, approximately 96% of aU organic chemical substances are based on fossil resources. Nevertheless, a substantial number of industries are still based on renewable raw materials (RRMs). StiU half of the fibers used in the textile industry are natural materials (cotton, wool, flax) and the oleochemical industry satisfies sodely s daily hygienic needs for soaps with detergents that are based on vegetable oils. The building industry continues to use natural fibers for construction insulation purposes. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Sihcones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture pohshes. The lubricant properties of sihcones improve ease of apphcation of the pohsh and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, sihcones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repeUent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, abihty to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free pohshes, which have sihcones as the only film former, can be formulated to dehver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture pohshes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

Zirconium tetrafluoride [7783-64-4] is used in some fluoride-based glasses. These glasses are the first chemically and mechanically stable bulk glasses to have continuous high transparency from the near uv to the mid-k (0.3—6 -lm) (117—118). Zirconium oxide and tetrachloride have use as catalysts (119), and zirconium sulfate is used in preparing a nickel catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oil. Zirconium 2-ethyIhexanoate [22464-99-9] is used with cobalt driers to replace lead compounds as driers in oil-based and alkyd paints (see Driers and metallic soaps). 

Many similar hydrocarbon duids such as kerosene and other paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils and vegetable oils such as linseed oil [8001-26-17, com oil, soybean oil [8001-22-7] peanut oil, tall oil [8000-26-4] and castor oil are used as defoamers. Liquid fatty alcohols, acids and esters from other sources and poly(alkylene oxide) derivatives of oils such as ethoxylated rosin oil [68140-17-0] are also used. Organic phosphates (6), such as tributyl phosphate, are valuable defoamers and have particular utiHty in latex paint appHcations. Another important class of hydrocarbon-based defoamer is the acetylenic glycols (7), such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol which are widely used in water-based coatings, agricultural chemicals, and other areas where excellent wetting is needed. 

All of the studies were conducted with weanling, male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (Holtzman company). The basal diet used for these studies consisted of casein, starch, vegetable oil, vitamin and mineral mixtures, and cellulose. The Wesson Modification of the Osborne-Mendel mineral mixture was used in all studies. This mineral mixture contained no zinc, but it was adequate in the other minerals required by the rat. Most of the non-zinc-supplemented diets used in the various experiments contained approximately 7 ppm zinc. The level of mineral mixture used in the basal diets was 4%, and based on the chemical composition of the mixture, the basal diets contained approximately 0.57% calcium and 0.41% phosphorus ... 

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) production is based on transesterification of vegetable oils and fats through the addition of methanol (or other alcohols) and a catalyst, giving glycerol as a by-product (which can be used for cosmetics, medicines and food). Oil-seed crops include rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, soy beans and palm oil seeds, from which the oil is extracted chemically or mechanically. Biodiesel can be used in 5%-20% blends with conventional diesel, or even in pure form, which requires slight modifications in the vehicle. 

Vegetable oils have the potential to substitute a fraction of petroleum distillates and petroleum-based petrochemicals in the near future. Possible acceptable converting processes of vegetable oils into reusable products are transesterification, solvent extraction, cracking and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis has received a significant amount of interest as this gives products of better quality compared to any other thermochemical process. The liquid fuel produced from vegetable oil pyrolysis has similar chemical components to conventional petroleum diesel fuel. 

Chemical conversion of vegetable oils to general purpose liquid fuels ( biofuels, and biodiesel ) has also been successfully explored [34, 35]. However, the small size of this resource makes it unlikely that this could do more than supplement petroleum-based sources. Probably the more significant developments to extend petroleum-based liquid fuels lie in the recovery of oil from the tar sands, and the pilot plant projects involving oil shale pyrolysis experiments to liquid fuels. 

---