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Balance planning

The following results describe the rate of accumulation of rutile (TiOz p = 4.2 g cm-3) particles on a submerged balance plan. ... [Pg.102]

An employee who invests her lump-sum distribution when she retires receives the rewards and bears the risks of investment. Making appropriate investments allows her to increase her capital faster than inflation shrinks it. As we saw, other deflned-benefit pensions make none but ad hoc adjustments for inflation, and retired employees do not choose the investments that underlie their pensions. With these annuity-based, guaranteed plans in which employers determine investments, retired persons cannot outlive their benefits. However, exhausting or losing one s capital is possible in cash-balance plans, after the lump-sum payment is received at retirement. [Pg.270]

Employees know throughout their careers what to expect when they retire because cash-balance plans provide periodic statements of accounts. In ordinary plans, no detailed reckoning of pension benefits takes place imtil a worker becomes eligible at about age 55. None occurs then except at the employee s behest. The new plans help make what-if calculations early in a career, which can be important to anyone considering an early retirement. In a cash-balance plan, an employer creates a pension account in each worker s name and annually contributes funds on the employee s behalf. The contributed amount represents some percentage of the employee s salary and increases with pay raises. For the... [Pg.271]

An employer s yearly investment returns may exceed the interest credited to each employee s account. If so, the excess over the credited interest goes to reduce the employer s costs in funding the pension plan, not to increase the employees gains. In this respect, cash-balance plans resemble traditional pensions. [Pg.273]

In a 401k plan, employees pay for the benefits, not employers. However, some employers may also make matching, but not necessarily equal, contributions. Such an employer typically contributes 3% of its employees pay each year while the workers may save another 6% of salary. Matching contribution plans like these are advantageous because the money can grow faster than it increases in a cash-balance plan. Let us consider how this can happen with a representative 401k plan (Figure 8-8). [Pg.274]

Inspection of the returns from 401k and cash-balance plans makes evident the greater value of participation in a 401k plan. The lower yields of cash-balance plans come partly from the low annual company contributions. [Pg.275]

Material balances -- plan of attack (refer to flow chart) ... [Pg.442]

The prediction of the size and permeability of the aquifer is usually difficult, since there is typically little data collected in the water column exploration and appraisal wells are usually targeted at locating oil. Hence the prediction of aquifer response often remains a major uncertainty during reservoir development planning. In order to see the reaction of an aquifer, it is necessary to produce from the oil column, and measure the response in terms of reservoir pressure and fluid contact movement use is made of the material balance technique to determine the contribution to pressure support made by the aquifer. Typically 5% of the STOMP must be produced to measure the response this may take a number of years. [Pg.191]

Analytical models using classical reservoir engineering techniques such as material balance, aquifer modelling and displacement calculations can be used in combination with field and laboratory data to estimate recovery factors for specific situations. These methods are most applicable when there is limited data, time and resources, and would be sufficient for most exploration and early appraisal decisions. However, when the development planning stage is reached, it is becoming common practice to build a reservoir simulation model, which allows more sensitivities to be considered in a shorter time frame. The typical sorts of questions addressed by reservoir simulations are listed in Section 8.5. [Pg.207]

Maintenance costs influence the bottom line of every balance sheet. As a result, maintenance managers can improve the entire faciHty by helping make sure that the planning and design of new constmction and renovation projects takes place with maintenance in mind (1). [Pg.442]

It shows concisely the existing vendor capacities for the raw material, planned expansions or new producers, demands for other uses, and demand within the analyst s company. In some cases, the report includes a wodd supply and demand balance. A key objective of a purchase profile report is to make the buyer as well informed as the marketing manager of the seller. If this is achieved, the buyer can often secure a beneficial purchase contract. [Pg.538]

Types of Accountancy The traditional work of accountants has been to prepare balance sheets and income statements. Nowadays, accountants are becoming increasingly concerned with foi ward planning. Modern accountancy can roughly be divided into two branches, financial accountancy and management or cost accountancy. [Pg.839]

The conservation of mass law finds a major application during the performance of pollution-prevention assessments. As described earlier, a pollution-prevention assessment is a systematic, planned procedure with the objective of identifying methods to reduce or ehminate waste. The assessment process should characterize the selected waste streams and processes (Ref. 11)—a necessaiy ingredient if a material balance is to be performed. Some of the data required for the material balance calciilation may be collected during the first review of site-specific data however, in some instances, the information may not be collected until an actual site walk-through is performed. [Pg.2168]

This means that parts must be ordered in advance for the turnaround and other work must be planned so that the whole operation may proceed smoothly and without holdups that could have been foreseen. This usually means close collaboration with the manufacturer or consultant and the OEM (or specialty service shop) so that handling facilities, service men, parts, cleaning facilities, inspection facilities, chrome plating and/or metaliz-ing facilities, balancing facilities, and some cases even heat treatment facilities, are available and will be open for production at the proper time required. This is the planning, which must be done in detail before the shutdown with sufficient lead-time available in order to have replacement parts available at the job site. [Pg.741]

Now you can reconsider the material balance equations by adding those additional factors identified in the previous step. If necessary, estimates of unaccountable losses will have to be calculated. Note that, in the case of a relatively simple manufacturing plant, preparation of a preliminary material-balance system and its refinement (Steps 14 and 15) can usefully be combined. For more-complex P2 assessments, however, two separate steps are likely to be more appropriate. An important rule to remember is that the inputs should ideally equal the outputs - but in practice this will rarely be the case. Some judgment will be required to determine what level of accuracy is acceptable, and we should have an idea as to what the unlikely sources of errors are (e.g., evaporative losses from outside holding ponds may be a materials loss we cannot accurately account for). In the case of high concentrations of hazardous wastes, accurate measurements are needed to develop cost-effective waste-reduction options. It is possible that the material balance for a number of unit operations will need to be repeated. Again, continue to review, refine, and, where necessary, expand your database. The compilation of accurate and comprehensive data is essential for a successful P2 audit and subsequent waste-reduction action plan. Remember - you can t reduce what you don t know is therel... [Pg.378]

Phases I and II have eovered planning and undertaking a P2 audit, resulting in the preparation of a material balance for each unit operation. Phase III represents the interpretation of the material balance, to identify process areas or components of concern. [Pg.379]

Your procedures should detail your plant evaluation methods and require consideration to be given to the overall plan of the plant, automation, ergonomics, operator and line balance, inventory levels, and value added labor content. Reports of the evaluation should be required so that they facilitate analysis by management and auditors. [Pg.213]

A failure modes and effects analysis is a systematic analytical technique for identifying potential failures in a design or a process, assessing the probability of occurrence and likely effect, and determining the measures needed to eliminate, contain, or control the effects. Action taken on the basis of an FMEA will improve safety, performance, reliability, maintainability and reduce costs. The outputs are essential to balanced and effective quality plans for both development and production as it will help focus the controls upon those products, processes, and characteristics that are at risk. It is not the intention here to give a full appreciation of the FMEA technique and readers are advised to consult other texts. [Pg.465]

Most oil companies offer a planned lubrication maintenance (PLM) service that will meet these requirements with the minimum of effort on the part of the customer. These schemes provide logical routing for the lubrication operative, balanced workloads and clear instructions to those responsible for specific tasks associated with lubrication and fault-reporting facilities. Many schemes are now designed for computer operation, which also accommodate plant and grade changes, operation costs and manpower planning. It is essential that any such scheme should be adaptable to individual requirements. [Pg.885]


See other pages where Balance planning is mentioned: [Pg.34]    [Pg.34]    [Pg.247]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.271]    [Pg.273]    [Pg.589]    [Pg.607]    [Pg.34]    [Pg.34]    [Pg.247]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.271]    [Pg.273]    [Pg.589]    [Pg.607]    [Pg.300]    [Pg.333]    [Pg.286]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.17]    [Pg.297]    [Pg.131]    [Pg.523]    [Pg.230]    [Pg.742]    [Pg.315]    [Pg.546]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.218]    [Pg.222]    [Pg.378]    [Pg.1098]    [Pg.172]    [Pg.427]    [Pg.594]    [Pg.41]    [Pg.47]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.117 , Pg.123 ]




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