Protozoal disease

DNA has also been tested as a carrier for ethidium bromide, a drug used in the treatment of protozoal diseases. When compared with free drug, the DNA-bound drug showed decreased toxicity and higher therapeutic efficacy in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi [231]. 

A. Trouet, J. M. Jadin, and F. V. Hoof, Lysosomotropic chemotherapy in protozoal diseases, in Biochemistry of parasites and Hosti-Parasites Relationships (H. van den Bossche, ed.), North-Hol-land, Amsterdam, 1976, p. 519. 

The answer is d. (Hardman, p 989.) Both trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine are effective in pneumonia caused by E carinii. This protozoal disease usually occurs in immunodeficient patients, such as those with AIDS. Nifurtimox is effective in trypanosomiasis and metronidazole in amebiasis and leishmaniasis, as well as in anaerobic bacterial infections. Penicillins are not considered drugs of choice for this particular disease state. 

R5. Rodriques da Silva, J., Escosteguy, J. A., DePaola, D., Dias, L., and Coutinho, S. G., Duodenal and jejunal biopsy in some helminthic and protozoal diseases. Gastroenterology 40, 693 (1961). 

Acetarsol An organic arsenic compound, being therapeutically active when administered orally, that might be of value in the treatment of spirochaetal or protozoal diseases, for instance syphilis, yaws, relapsing fever, sleeping sickness and amoebic dysentiy. 

VI.a.1. Agents Against Amoebiasis and Other Protozoal Diseases... 

Gilles, H.M., Ed., Protozoal Diseases, Oxford University Press, London, 1999. 

Fohc acid analogues containing amino acids other than glutamate, and also folate covalendy bound to a protein for the purposes of antibody production, have been prepared (58—60). Methotrexate is an analogue of fohc acid that is widely used in cancer chemotherapy (61) (see ChemotHERAPEUTICS, anticancer). Other analogues such as trimethoprim and pyrimethamine are used in the treatment of malaria and protozoal diseases (62). These analogues bind extremely tightly to dihydrofolate reductase. 

Metronidazole is effective in the treatment of many protozoal diseases, notably trichomoniasis, amebiasis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and giardiasis, and has been in use for over 20 years. 

Pearson RD, Hewlett EL. Pentamidine for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinll pneumonia and other protozoal diseases. Annals of internal medicine. 1985 Nov 103(5) 782-6. 

Over the next twenty years, progress was made against a variety of protozoal diseases, but little progress was made in finding antibacterial agents, until the introduction of proflavine in 1934. 

Trouet A, Jadin JM, Hoof FV. Lysosomotropic chemotherapy in protozoal diseases. In Biochemistry of Parasites and Host-Parasites Relationships. Amsterdam, The Netherlands North-HoUand, 1976 519. 

E. A. Steck, The Chemotherapy of Protozoal Diseases," Vol. 3> 25 1 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C., 1971 ... 

The economic importance of other protozoal diseases in domestic animals has received much attention as well. It has been estimated that nearly 1.2 billion cattle in the world are potentially exposed to the risk of babesiasis caused by different species of Babesia. The highest economic loss due to Babesia spp. in cattle occurs in the U.S.A., Australia, South Africa and South America [44,45]. Trypanosomiasis is another important disease of cattle. The impact of this infection is spread over 10 million square kilometers area of Africa extending from the Sahara to Limpopo and threatens the health of over 25 million cattle and 35 million people. This may be responsible for severe economic losses, which is evident from the fact that livestock in Africa are treated with more than 25 million doses of various trypanosomicidal drugs every year [46]. Trypanosomiasis in cattle may, therefore, be one of the reasons why Africa produces about 70 times less animal protein per unit area than Europe [47]. 

Several haemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) are known to invade the central nervous system, blood and tissues causing acute and chronic protozoal diseases, collectively termed as trypanosomiasis . 

A large number of parasitic protozoans infect cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats and birds causing a serious threat to the livestock health. The important protozoal diseases of domestic animals are described below. 

This is also an important protozoal disease of turkeys, ducks, geese and chicken caused by invasion of blood cells and other organs of these birds by Leucocy-tozoon spp. 

This is another major protozoal disease of domestic animals prevalent primarily in tropical Africa. The infection is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies, though salivarian or stercoranian methods of infection are also known. Some blood sucking insects such as Tabanus and Stomoxys flies, and also vampire bats may transmit trypanosomiasis in animals. Infections with Trypanosoma equiperdum in horses and donkeys may also be transmitted during coitus. 

The ipecac alkaloids constitute another group of natural products, which have been used to cure protozoal diseases for centuries. The curative effects of the powdered roots of the herb igecaca had been known to ancient Brazilian Indians [14]. Like cinchona, the powdered roots of this plant became a popular antiparasitic drug after it was used to cure Danphin, the son of Louis XIV. The use of ipecac in human... 

A number of antibiotics, known for their activity against bacterial and fungal infections, have also been found to be effective in treating malaria, leishmaniasis and other protozoal diseases in humans and domestic animals [41,42]. Antibiotics, which... 

Unlike helminth infections where a variety of drugs derived from arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, tin and lead have been used to eradicate intestinal and extrain-testinal parasites, only organo-arsenicals and -antimonials find use in the treatment of protozoal diseases [1-10]. 

The nitroheterocycles find only limited use in the chemotherapy of protozoal diseases of domestic animals. A few nitrofurans such as nitrofurazone (1) and fura-... 

Compounds of this class constitute the front-line therapy for many protozoal diseases of man. In fact, emergence of drugs like metronidazole and tinidazole has revolutionised the treatment of intestinal protozoal infections [20,27,64-66]. The therapeutic profile of a few nitroimidazole drugs is given below. 

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