Infectious microorganisms

The natural and semi ynthetic penicillins are used in tire treatment of bacterial infections due to susceptible microorganisms. Fbnicillins may be used to treat infections such as urinary tract infections, septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infection, gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. Examples of infectious microorganisms (bacteria) that may respond to penicillin therapy include gonococci, staphylococci,... 

Biosafety Levels For Infectious Agents The essential elements of four biosafety levels for activities involving infectious microorganisms are set out below. The levels are designated in ascending order, by degree of protection provided to personnel, the environment, and the community. Although the entire four levels are very involved, there is room here for only the most basic requirements for each of the four levels. 

Earlier toxicity studies had suggested that the hazard from repeated ozone exposure might be reduced, inasmuch as animals became tolerant to the acute pulmonary edematogenic action of ozone. However, more recent studies, which demonstrated that tolerance to the ordinarily ozone-induced increase in susceptibility to infectious microorganisms or to the effects on respiratory mechanics does not develop, suggest that the tolerance phenomenon would have little protective value with respect to repeated exposure to ambient oxidant smog. 

Immunoglobulins are purified from the serum (or plasma) of human donors by methods similar to those used to purify animal-derived antibodies. In most instances, the immunoglobulin preparations are enriched in antibodies capable of binding to a specific antigen (usually an infectious microorganism/virus). These may be purified from donated blood of individuals who have ... 

These are preparations containing antibodies against infectious microorganisms and are usually prepared from human plasma or serum. 

Electrochemical assays of nucleic acids based on DNA hybridisation have received considerable attention [34,57-60]. DNA hybridisation biosensors are a very attractive topic in the clinical diagnostics of inherited diseases and the rapid detection of infectious microorganisms. 

In the case of DNA biosensors, two strategies are applied to detect pollutants one is the hybridisation detection of nucleic acid sequences from infectious microorganisms, and the other the monitoring of small pollutants interacting with the immobilised DNA layer (drugs, mutagenic pollutants, etc.) [65]. 

Dysentery The general term for severe gastrointestinal distress (diarrhea, cramps, bloody stools) that is usually associated with the presence of infectious microorganisms in the intestines. 

Vaccine A substance typically consisting of a modified infectious microorganism that is administered to help prevent disease by stimulating the endogenous immune defense mechanisms against infection. 

Design features of facilities used for research on regulated chemical carcinogens or suspect chemicals are generally similar to those used for work with infectious microorganisms or the requirements recently promulgated for recombinant DNA research (8). 

While working in waste streams, pools, ponds, sludge pits, sewers, or fermenters a worker is exposed to infectious microorganisms. The industrial processes that grow these infectious microorganisms for beneficial purposes can be a threat to workers in a confined space. 

A device or process equipment that adds any chlorine compounds, in solid, gas, or liquid form, to water, wastewater, or sludge to kill infectious microorganisms or undesirable substances is a chlorinator (8-9). That part of the treatment facility where water, wastewater, or sludge is treated by chlorine for disinfection and oxidation is a chlorine contact chamber (CCC). 

PCR amplification of DNA is one of the most widely used techniques in medical research and diagnostics. PCR is used in forensic pathology (to identify human remains), in rapid identification of infectious microorganisms, in diagnosis of inherited diseases, and in archaeology and anthropology where small DNA samples can be recovered. 

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