Bacterial infections pharyngitis

Streptococcal infections Pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, otitis media and even for subacute bacterial endocarditis. Staphylococcal infections Penicillinase resistant penicillin can be used. Meningococcal infections Meningitis other infections caused by meningococci. 

Cefuroxime axetil Ceftin PO Pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bacterial infections... 

Cefprozil, a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is indicated in the treatment of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes otitis media caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M.(Branhamella) catarrhalis in secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. (B.) catarrhalis and in uncomplicated skin and skin-strnctnre infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes. 

Loracarbef, a synthetic beta lactam antibiotic of the car-bacephem class (200 to 400 mg p.o. q. 12 hours), is used in the treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis, acute bacterial exacerbations or chronic bronchitis, of pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections, impetigo, uncomplicated cystitis, and in uncomplicated pyelonephritis. 

Infection, either viral or bacterial, is the most common of all pathological processes in the pharyngeal areas. While antibiotics are commonly used to fight bacterial infections, viral infections should not be treated with antibiotics. Osteopathic manipulation is helpful to assist in the treatment of both bacterial and viral pharyngeal infections. 

Acute pharyngitis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. The majority of sore throats are caused by a variety of viruses fewer than 20% are bacterial and hence potentially responsive to antibiotic therapy. However, antibiotics are widely prescribed and this reflects the difficulty in discriminating streptococcal from non-streptococcal infections clinically in the absence of microbiological documentation. Nonetheless, Strep, pyogenes is the most important bacterial pathogen and this responds to oral penicillin. However, up to 10 days treatment is required for its eradication fixm the throat. This requirement causes problems with compliance since symptomatic improvement generally occurs within 2-3 days. 

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a term that refers to various upper airway infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and rhinitis. Most URIs are viral and often selflimited. Over 1 billion viral URIs occur annually in the United States, resulting in millions of physician office visits each year.1 Excessive antibiotic use for URIs has contributed to the significant development of bacterial resistance. Guidelines have been established to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for viral URIs.2 This chapter will focus on acute otitis media, sinusitis, and pharyngitis because they are frequently caused by bacteria and require appropriate antibiotic therapy to minimize complications. 

Diphtheria is a bacterial respiratory infection characterized by membranous pharyngitis. The membrane may cover the pharynx, tonsillar areas, soft palate, and uvula. Diphtheria may also cause anal, cutaneous, vaginal, and conjunctival infections. The impact of diphtheria is not from the causative bacteria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, but rather from complications attributed to its exotoxin, such as myocarditis and peripheral... 

Pharyngitis is an acute infection of the oropharynx or nasopharynx that results in 1% to 2% of all outpatient visits. While viral causes are most common, Group A /J-hemolytic Streptococcus, or Streptococcus pyogenes, is the primary bacterial cause. 

As most acute upper respiratory tract infections are not of bacterial origin, antibiotics are not often necessary in cases of acute pharyngitis and sinusitis. Supportive measures such as aerosols or rinsing with sterile saline and antipyretics are often sufficient. 

Oral bioavailability is 57%, and tissue and intracallular penetration is generally good. Telithromycin is metabolized in the liver and eliminated by a combination of biliary and urinary routes of excretion. It is administered as a once-daily dose of 800 mg, which results in peak serum concentrations of approximately 2 g/mL. Telithromycin is indicated for treatment of respiratory tract infections, including community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and streptococcal pharyngitis. Telithromycin is a reversible inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme system. 

Pharyngitis is an acute infection of the oropharynx or nasopharynx. It results in 1% to 2% of all outpatient visits. While viral causes are most common, group A /3 -hemolytic Streptococcus, or S. pyogenes, is the primary bacterial cause and is the focus of this section. In the pediatric population, group A Streptococcus, or strep throat, causes 15% to 30% of cases of pharyngitis. In adults, it is the cause of 5% to 15% of all symptomatic episodes of pharyngitis. ... 

Systemic and local immune responses, humoral and cellular, are mounted by the host but these are not associated with host protection. Necrosis of Peyer s patches, which may lead to intestinal perforation, is attributed to interaction of bacterial factors and host immune response. It is also interest that in typhoid fever there is no strong association with HIV infection, whereas in HIV infection there is an increased incidence of non-typhi Salmonella infection. Headache, pharyngitis and arthralgia may be present. Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually constipation, abdominal pain and tenderness. Other symptoms which may occur are diarrhea, the pea soup type containing inflammatory mononuclear cells. The biliary tree and liver is involved presenting cholecystitis and hepatitis. Splenomegaly may develop. 

Azithromycin, an azalide macrolide antibiotic (500 mg p.o. as a single dose on day 1, followed by 250 mg daily on days 2 to 5 total accumulation dose is 1.5 g), is indicated in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae mild community-acquired pneumonia caused by H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or S. agalactiae second-line therapy of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes and in nongonococcal urethritis or cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. 

Azithromycin is a macrolide (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) that interferes with microbial protein synthesis. It is indicated in the following conditions. Adults treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, acute bacterial sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of COPD, community-acquired pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium complex, pelvic inflammatory disease, pharyngitis/tonsilli-tis, skin and skin structure infections, and sexually transmitted diseases caused by susceptible organisms. Children treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis, acute otitis media caused by susceptible organisms, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes in patients who cannot use first-line therapy. 

Clinical evaluation in dental plaque control U. P. Saxer el aL. J. Clin. Periodontol. 9, 162 (1982). In vitro anti -bacterial spectrum M. Cortat. P. Fels. Anneimittel-Forsch. 37, 463 (1987). Clinical evaluation in pharyngeal infections M. A. Weibel et aL. ibid. 467. 

Pharyngitis An infection of the pharynx, usually caused by a virus but sometimes bacterial in origin, a sore throat. 

Pre-operatively the patient is examined for oral infection. Nasal, oral and pharyngeal swabs are taken for bacterial culture and sensitivity. The antibiotic combination with the greatest in vitro effect is administered for some days prior to surgery, intravenously during surgery and also in the immediate post-operative period. 

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