Bacterial infections peritonitis

It is used for severe bacterial infections peritonitis, sepsis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, pleural empyema, pulmonary abscess, purulent skin infections and soft tissue infections, and infections of the urinary tract caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the drug. Synonyms of this drug are nebicine, obracine, and others. 

Immunological tests were performed for studying the reactive of peritoneal-exudative cells, especially peritonial macrophages, which are the main effector cells involved in natural resistance (host defence system) against bacterial infection. 

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Bacterial infection of the peritoneal fluid without an abdominal source. 

In addition to suppressive effects on conventional B cells, constitutive activation of the AhR causes the loss of peritoneal B-l cells.65 B-l cells, also called CD5+B cells, represent a small subset of B lymphocytes that plays an important role in innate immune responses to viral and bacterial infections. Consequently, the observation that constitutive AhR activation results in depletion of this specialized lineage suggests that TCDD may affect innate immunity to pathogens via as yet uncharacterized affects on B-l cells. 

Scabies is a skin infection caused by mites. Septicaemia occurs when bacterial microorganisms or their toxins enter the bloodstream. Endocarditis refers to bacterial infections of the endocardium. Peritonitis occurs when bacterial microorganisms infect the peritoneum. Shighellosis refers to infections caused by the Shighella bacteria. 

Cefalotin is used for bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin, soft tissues, bones and joints, sepsis, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, mastitis, infected wounds, and post-operational infections. Synonyms of this drag are ceflin, seffein, coaxin, and others. 

Nephrotic patients (especially children) are prone to bacterial infections. Before antibiotics and corticosteroids were introduced into the therapy, pneumonia, peritonitis, and sepsis (usually caused by pneumococci) were the most frequent cause of death of nephrotic children with minimal change disease. Infections are more frequent in nephrotic children and after the age of 20 their prevalence markedly decreases because the majority of adults have antibodies against the capsular antigens of pneumococci. Infections remain an important complication of nephrotic syndrome in developing countries. In developed countries, nephrotic patients treated by immunosuppressive agents may frequently suffer from viral infections (mainly herpesvirus infections, e.g., cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections). 

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (H.O. Conn, 1964, 1971) is the term used to describe bacterially infected ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis where the exact source of infection or path of infection is not known. 

Metronidazole has been shown to be of great value in the management of anaerobic bacterial infections [20,27,75,76]. The role of this drug in the prophylaxis and treatment of various anaerobic bacterial infections, which may develop following appendectomy, elective colonic surgery, colo-rectal surgery and hysterectomy [20,77,78]. Mebendazole is equally useful in cases of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, lung abscess, empyema, peritonitis, septicemia and pelvic infections [79]. 

Peritonitis may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary peritonitis, also called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, is an infection of the peritoneal cavity without an evident source of bacteria from the abdomen.1,2 In secondary peritonitis, a focal disease process is evident within the abdomen. Secondary peritonitis may involve perforation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (possibly because of ulceration, ischemia, or obstruction), postoperative peritonitis, or posttraumatic peritonitis (e.g., blunt or penetrating trauma). Tertiary peritonitis occurs in critically ill patients and is infection that persists or recurs at least 48 hours after apparently adequate management of primary or secondary peritonitis. 

Primary peritonitis is treated with antimicrobials and rarely requires drainage. Secondary peritonitis requires surgical removal of the inflamed or gangrenous tissue to prevent further bacterial contamination. If the surgical procedure is sub-optimal, attempts are made to provide drainage of the infected or gangrenous structures. 

Dougherty SH. Antimicrobial culture and susceptibility testing has little value for routine management of secondary bacterial peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis 1997 25(suppl 2) S258-261. 

Rifaximin Rifamycin Antibiotic Gut bacteria Enteric infection Diarrhea, infectious Hepatic encephalopathy Small intestine bacterial overgrowth Inflammatory bowel disease Colonic diverticular disease Irritable bowel syndrome Constipation Clostridium difficile infection Helicobacter pylori infection Colorectal surgery Bowel decontamination, selective Pancreatitis, acute Bacterial peritonitis, spontaneous Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy... 

Sader HS, Runyon BA, Erwin ME, Jones RN Antimicrobial activity of 11 newer and investigational drugs tested against aerobic isolates from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995 21 105-110. 

Table 42-1 summarizes many of the potential causes of bacterial peritonitis. The causes of intraabdominal abscess somewhat overlap those of peritonitis and, in fact, both may occur sequentially or simultaneously. Appendicitis is the most frequent cause of abscess. Intraabdominal infection results from entry of bacteria into the peritoneal or retroperitoneal spaces or from bacterial collections within intraabdominal organs. When peritonitis results from peritoneal dialysis, skin surface flora are introduced via the peritoneal catheter. 

Intraabdominal infections have a wide spectrum of clinical features often depending on the specific disease process, the location and the magnitude of bacterial contamination, and concurrent host factors. Patients with primary and secondary peritonitis present quite differently (Table 42-3). 

Life-threatening infections - The IV route may be preferable for patients with bacterial septicemia, localized parenchymal abscesses (such as intra-abdominal abscess), peritonitis or other severe or life-threatening infections. 

IV route IV route is recommended for patients requiring single doses greater than 1 g or those with bacterial septicemia, localized parenchymal abscess (eg, intra-abdominal abscess), peritonitis, or other severe systemic or life-threatening infections. For infections due to P. aeruginosa, a dosage of 2 g every 6 or 8 hours is recommended, at least upon initiation of therapy. 

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