Developments in vaccination against fish bacterial disease

Key words vaccine, antigen, immune response, adjuvant, immersion, injection, 

With terrestrial animals, vaccination is regarded as the primary means of disease control where application is often by injection and protection reflects antibody levels, but the numbers of individuals needed to be vaccinated is comparatively low compared with the populations in intensive aquaculture facilities. The flrst bacterial fish vaccine was described by Duff (1942), who used chloroform-inactivated cells of Aeromonas salmonicida to protect cutthroat trout Salmo clarki) against furunculosis. There is evidence that interest in vaccines declined with the availability and effectiveness of antibiotics, but the subsequent development and spread of antibiotic-resistance rekindled research in vaccinology. Nevertheless despite the increasing number of serious fish pathogens, only a comparatively few commercial products have entered the market place. Moreover, interest has focused on less than half of aU the bacteria taxa described as fish pathogens. 

The development of vaccines for fish diseases has used most of the approaches considered for human and terrestrial animal pathogens, with 

Although the use of adjuvants has often boosted the effectiveness of injectable vaccines, there is concern over the use of naineral oils, notably 

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Developments in vaccination against fish bacterial disease... 

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