Microbial diseases bacterial

Department of Bacterial Toxinology Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University 3-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565, Japan... 

PLUMB, j. A. (1999) Catfish bacterial diseases. In Plumb, J.A. (Ed) Health Maintenance and Principal Microbial Diseases of Cultured Fish. Iowa State University Press, Ames, lO. 

The second type of material includes spores, which may or may not produce disease symptoms but which can germinate in the insect gut and give rise to vegetative bacterial cells which in turn may produce, and exoenzymes such as phospholipases (lecithinases) or hyaluronidase. The phospholipases may produce direct toxic symptoms owing to their action on nervous or other phospholipid-containing tissue. Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid and produces effects on animal tissue which are morphologically similar to the breakdown of insect gut wall in the presence of microbial insecticide preparations. 

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA has estimated that Campylobacter and Salmonella are the top two bacterial foodbome pathogens as they are responsible for a total of 2 and 1.3 million foodbome infections every year (Mead et al., 1999). Most of the cases of infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella appear to be due to eggs and poultry, but a significant number of cases are related to beef products (CDC, 2005 Jay, 2000). EHEC does not cause as many infections as the top two pathogens (approximately 100,000 in the USA), but EHEC is frequently linked to outbreaks of diarrhea caused by the consumption of contaminated ground beef (Mead et al., 1999, Rangel et al., 2005). Infections caused by EHEC are the major microbial public health concern related to ruminant food products. 

The use of BRMs to treat human disease has its origins in the use of bacterial toxins to treat cancer by William B. Coley.73 These early studies resulted in the use of microbi-ally-derived substances such as BCG, Picibanil, carbohydrates from plants or fungi such as Krestin and Lentinan, other products such as Biostim and Broncho-Vaxom, as well as thymic extracts (Table 9.4). However, the lot-to-lot variation in the manufacture of these drugs has dampened enthusiasm. Equally, the focus on MOAs in drug development strategies has also dampened developmental efforts. The particulate nature of some BRMs can also result in pulmonary thrombosis and respiratory distress following i.v. injection. However, BRMs are commonly used to treat bladder cancer and derivatives of natural products are routinely used clinically. 

Here again I should like to backtrack to 1951. At that time resistcuit orgcuiisms except for streptomycin-resistant tubercle bacilli had not yet appeared and the chemotherapy of bacterial diseases seemed to be almost completed. Therefore, I endeavored to extend antibiotic research to a new area and initiated the screening of antitumor antibiotics. I reported the discovery of two microbial products, svibstance No. 289 and sarkonycin (67). 

Acute and chronic viral, bacterial, microbial and parasitic infections, skin disease, metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease and kidney disease. 

This vitamin is not synthesized in animals, but rather it results from the bacterial or fungal fermentation in the rumen, after which it is absorbed and concentrated during metabolism. Among the known vitamins, this exclusive microbial synthesis is of great interest. One of the major results of vitamin Bn deficiency is pernicious anemia. This disease, however, usually does not result from a dietary deficiency of the vitamin, but rather by an absence of a glycoprotein ( gastric intrinsic factor ) in the gastric juices that facilitates absorption of the vitamin in the intestine. Control of the diseases hence is either by injection of Bn or by oral administration of the intrinsic factor, with or without the vitamin injection. 

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