Bacterial cellulose synthesis

Bae, S., Sugano, Y., Ohi, K., Shoda, M., 2004. Features of bacterial cellulose synthesis in a mutant generated by disruption of the diguanylate cyclase 1 gene of Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001. AppUed Microbiology and Biotechnology 65, 315—322. 

Bacterial cellulose synthesis by G. xylinus starts with the production of individual 3-(l->4) chains between the outer and plasma membranes of the bacterial cell. A single G. xylinus cell may polymerize up to 200 000 glucose molecules per second into (3-(l->4) glucan chains, followed by their release outwards through pores in the cell surface [ 14]. BC chains then assemble into protofibrils, with approximately 2-4 nm of diameter, that... 

S. Vitta, M. Drlllon, and A. Derory, Magnetically responsive bacterial cellulose Synthesis and magnetic studies. J. Appl. Phys. 108, 053905 1 (2010). 

Other Genes Involved in Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis... 

A. xylinum developed faster in black tea infusion than did A. aceti. Cell mass synthesized by A. aceti and A. xylinum increased with incubation time, up to 5 mg % and 22 mg %, respectively, after 25 days as shown in Figure 2. As shown by scaiming electron microscope. Figure 2 shows that some rod-shape A. xylinum cells adhered on the surface of the bacterial cellulose fibrils. Caffeine and theophylline were identified as potent stimulators for bacterial cellulose synthesis in A. xylinum. Methylxanthine probably blocks the action of the specific diguanyl cyclic phosphodiesterase and then avoids or postpones the normal switch off of active cellulose synthase 12). The level of caffeine in the black infusion used in this experiment was determined to be in the range of 2.4 to 3.4 %. This may account for the accumulation of more cell mass in the medium inoculated with A. xylinum rather than in the one with A. aceti. 

From a theoretical standpoint, further study of the formation of bacterial cellulose might yield some information regarding the mechanism of plant synthesis. 

Later the same research group claimed that, in the first step of the in situ synthesis scheme, ionic functional groups as such are not necessary for the introduction of ferrous ions into a cellulose matrix [161,162], This suggestion was made based on a comparative study of ferrite synthesis between a case with anionically modified cellulose materials and the other case with non-ionic cellulose gels, which included a never-dried bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane and a never-dried cellulose wet-spun filament or cast film (Lyocell) using N-methylmorpholin-N-oxide as the solvent. SPM proper-... 

Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose-Based Composites and Their Applications... 

Microwave assisted synthesis of bacterial cellulose-calcium carbonate composites, 50,414-422. 

Synthesis of regenerated bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposite films for biomedical applications, 21,433-447. 

Phisalaphong, M., Suwanmajo, T., and Tammarate, P. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of bacterial cellulose/alginate blend membranes,J A LPoI rrhS, 107(5), 3419-3424. 

Torres, F.G., Grande, C.J., Troncoso, O.P., Gomez, C.M., Lopez, D. Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications In Kumar, S.A., Thiagarajan, S., Wang, F. (eds.) Biocompatible Nanomaterials Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Analytical Chemistry. Nova Science Publishers, USA (2010)... 

Zhang, D., Qi, L. Synthesis of mesoporous titania networks consisting of anatase nanowires by templating of bacterial cellulose membranes. Chem. Common. 21, 2735-2737 (2005)... 

Abeer MM, Amin MC, Lazim AM, Pandey M, Martin C (2014) Synthesis of a novel acrylated abietic acid-g-bacterial cellulose hydrogel by gamma irradiation. Carbohydr Polym 110 505-512... 

Wu L, Zhou H, Sun HJ, Zhao Y, Yang X, Cheng SZ, Yang G (2013) Thermoresponsive bacterial cellulose whisker/poly(NIPAM-ct>-BMA) nanogel complexes synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation. Biomacromolecules 14 1078-1084... 

Although the polymerization induced by bactraia has been known and studied for a long time, the strategy based on using this biological activity to actually harvest commercial materials is a relatively recent endeavour. Two specific instances are prominent in this context, namely the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and the synthesis of bacterial cellulose. 

Wan, Y.Z. 2006. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology 66 1825-1832. 

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