Conductivity capillary

In a J-T multistage heat exchanger, the mixture is cooled by the colder vapours coming out from the still (see Fig. 6.12). This type of exchanger can be seen as a series of isothermal heat exchangers connected in series by low thermal conductivity capillaries. 

Figure 6.11 Separation of carboxylic acids (10 mJW each) by suppressed conductivity capillary electrophoresis. Conditions capillary, 60 cm X 75 jum I.D. fused silica voltage, +24 kV detection, suppressed conductivity using 15 mJV sulfuric acid as regenerant. Peaks (ppm) 1, quinic (1.92) 2, benzoic (1.44) 3, lactic (0.90) 4, acetic (0.60) 5, phthalic (1.66) 6, formic (0.46) 7, succinic (1.18) 8, malic (1.34) 9, tartaric (1.50) 10, fumaric (1.16) 11, maleic (1.16) 12, malonic (1.04) 13, citric (1.92) 14, isocitric (1.92) 15, cis-aconitic (1.74) 16, oxalic (0.90). (Reprinted from Ref. 63 with permission.)...

Wall thickness Channel width Acoustic velocity Friction coefficient Conductance Capillary number Discharge coefficient Drag coefficient Diameter Diameter Dean number Deformation rate tensor components Elastic modulus Energy dissipation rate Eotvos number Fanning friction factor Vortex shedding frequency Force... 

ESI (Electrospray Ionization) Ionization produced by spraying a sample solution through a conducting capillary tube at a high voltage potential. 

To understand the formation of a continuous spray, consider the surface of an electrolytic solution when exiting an electrically conducting capillary held at high electric potential with reference to a nearby counter electrode. In practice, the spray capillary has about 75 pm inner diameter and is kept at 3-4 kV with reference to the sampling orifice at approx. 1 cm distance. At the open end of the capillary the emerging liquid is thus exposed to an electric field of about 10 V m ... 

Describes properties controlled by pore space (permeability, conductivity). Capillaries have different shape and connedivity... 

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