Bacterial adhesion surfaces

Chen et al. utUized a direct chemical reaction with a given solution (wet treatment) to modify the surface of the silicone rubber. The presence of a layer of PEO on a biomaterial surface is accompanied by reductions in protein adsorption, and cell and bacterial adhesion. In order to obtain a PEO layer on top of the silicone rabber surface, the surface was firstly modihed by incorporating an Si-H bond using (MeHSiO) , and followed by PEO grafting to the surface using a platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction. These PEO-modified surfaces were demonstrated by fibrinogen adsorption both from buffer and plasma, as well as albumin adsorption from buffer. Reductions in protein adsorption of as much as 90% were noted on these surfaces. 

Adverse effect of surfactants on bacterial adhesion to surfaces in the matrix... 

The first is glycosaminoglycan, a compound produced by the body that coats the epithelial cells of the bladder. This compound essentially separates the bladder from the urine by forming a protective layer against bacterial adhesion.14 A second compound known as Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted into the urine, and prevents E. coli from binding to receptors present on the surface of the bladder. Other factors implicated in contributing to host defense mechanisms include immunoglobulins, specifically IgA, and lactobacilli, bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora.13,15... 

More recently, increasing research attention has focused upon the use of mucoadhe-sive delivery systems in which the biopharmaceutical is formulated with/encapsulated in molecules that interact with the intestinal mucosa membranes. The strategy is obviously to retain the drug at the absorbing surface for a prolonged period. Non-specific (charge-based) interactions can be achieved by the use of polyacrylic acid, whereas more biospecihc interactions are achieved by using selected lectins or bacterial adhesion proteins. Despite intensive efforts, however, the successful delivery of biopharmaceuticals via the oral route remains some way off. 

THE ROLE OF ADHESION AND BACTERIAL CELL SURFACES IN THE PROMOTION OF PASSIVE SUBSTRATE TRANSFER... 

Theoretical considerations show that bacterial adhesion to solid, liquid, or sorbed substrates is a powerful mechanism to improve substrate mass transfer. According to Fick s law, the diffusive mass flux of a substrate towards the cell surface J is strongly affected by the space coordinate in direction of the transport ... 

Relation between bacterial adhesion to sulphated polystyrene (A) and cell surface characteristics as determined by electrophoretic mobility and contact angle measurement. Results were obtained by interpolating the data points for the adhesion of 17 different strains of bacteria. 

Anti-adhesive effect. Green and roasted coffee, used in a treatment mixture and as a pretreatment on beads, inhibited the Strep tococcus mutans sucrose-independent adsorption to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. The inhibition of Salmonelb mutans adsorption indicated that coffee-active molecules may adsorb to a host surface, preventing the tooth receptor from interacting with any bacterial adhesions. Among the known tested coffee components, trigonelline and nicotinic and chlorogenic acids are very... 

Li JX, Wang J, Shen LR et al (2007) The influence of polyethylene terephthalate surfaces modified by silver ion implantation on bacterial adhesion behavior. Surf Coat Technol 201 8155-8159... 

TSome microbial pathogens have lectins that mediate bacterial adhesion to host cells or toxin entry into cells. The bacterium believed responsible for most gastric ulcers, Helicobacter pylori, adheres to the inner surface of the stomach by interactions between bacterial membrane lectins and specific oligosaccharides of membrane glycoproteins of the gastric epithelial cells... 

Fig. 16 Measured peak shift versus time due to bacterial adhesion to the waveguide surface. The processed data have been modified to compensate for the constant drift and to minimize the noise [31]...

Bayer, E. A., E. Morag, Y. Shoham, J. Tormo, and R. Lamed. 1996. The cellulosome A cell surface organelle for the adhesion to and degradation of cellulose. In Bacterial Adhesion Molecular and Ecological Diversity (M. Fletcher, Ed.), Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology pp. 155-182. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

To measure the adhesion strength of bacteria, it is necessary to remove them from the surface. Weiss (1961) measured bacterial adhesion by allowing cells to settle onto a glass surface of a sealed chamber, and then counting them with the aid of a microscope. After a period of incubation the chamber was turned upside down, the unattached cells fell from the surface and the remaining attached cells were recounted. This adhesion number method is purely observational, as it does not measure adhesion directly. Weiss also described a disc-shearing device,... 

Besides the numerous synthetic and natural polymers that are suited for repelling microbes from surfaces (summarized in [8]), the negatively charged protein albumin can also reduce bacterial adhesion [30], Further, the nature of the surface-attached repelling polymer and its mechanical properties both seem to play a role in the attraction of microbes. This was demonstrated by Lichter et al., who investigated poly(allylammonium hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) multilayers and found that the stiffness of the coating positively correlated with the adhesion of E. coli. [31],... 

Fig. 9 Example of a contact-killing and microbe-repelling surface, (a) Antimicrobial cationic polyW.iV-dimethyl-iVTethoxycarbonylmethyll-iV-P -tniethacryloyloxylethyll-ammonium bromide) left structure) effectively kills bacteria, (b) The polymer is converted into the corresponding nonfouling zwitterionic derivative (right structure) upon hydrolysis, (c) Dead bacteria remaining on the surface are repelled from the nonfouling surface, (d) The zwitterionic surface itself is highly resistant to bacterial adhesion. Reproduced and adapted from [136]...

An YH, Friedman RJ (1998) Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res 43 338-348... 

Cheng G, Zhang Z, Chen SF et al. (2007) Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces. Biomaterials 28 4192-4199... 

Keywords Biomaterials surface functionalization, XPS, Tof-SIMS, photo-immobilization, glycoengineering, bacterial adhesion, endotracheal tubes, PS biosensors fluorescence immunoassays, AgN03, PVC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa... 

D. J. Balazs, K. Triandafillu, Y. Chevolot, B.-O Aronsson, H. Harms, P. Descouts, and H. J. Mathieu, Surface Modification of PVC Endotracheal Tubes by Oxygen Glow Discharge to Reduce Bacterial Adhesion, Surf. Interface Anal. 35, 301-309 (2003). 

Whether protein adsorption or cell adhesion is intended or not, for each particular application the interaction of the bio-particle with the material s surface should be tuned to reach the optimal result. Protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion, further denoted as particle adhesion, may be manipulated in a controlled way if the various types of interaction determining the adsorption and adhesion processes are identified. 

W. Norde and J. Lyklema, Protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces a physicochemical approach, Colloids Surf. 38, 1-13 (1989). 

Indeed a bacterial preference for low s.f.e. surfaces has been shown by several authors [31,32,39], However, in an in vitro study, low density poly(ethylene) films were treated with tetrafluoromethane plasma, which resulted in a dramatic reduction in s.f.e., but which did not show a significant reduction in bacterial adhesion [40],... 

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