Motility bacteria

When Walker was a postdoc, people argued whether this was rotation, or whether it was beating in a sinusoidal fashion. The key experiment was that somebody made an antibody that recognized the end of the flagellum and they took a cover slip and coated it with the antibody and added the bacteria to it. This then trapped the bacteria attached by the tip of their tail, and one could look in the fight microscope and see the bacteria turning around in this fashion. This was the first demonstration of rotation in these motile bacteria. The ATP experiment mentioned above was a derivative from this bacteria motility experiment, a macroscopic demonstration of a microscopic chemical event. 

Protozoa A group of motile microscopic animals (usually single-celled and aerobic) that sometimes cluster into colonies and often consume bacteria as an energy source. 

Neutrophils are motile phagocytic cells that play a key role in acute inflammation. When bacteria enter tissues, a number of phenomena result that are collectively... 

The process of activation of neutrophils is essentially similar. They are activated, via specific receptors, by interaction with bacteria, binding of chemotactic factors, or antibody-antigen complexes. The resultant rise in intracellular Ca affects many processes in neutrophils, such as assembly of micrombules and the actin-myosin system. These processes are respectively involved in secretion of contents of granules and in motility, which enables neutrophils to seek out the invaders. The activated neutrophils are now ready to destroy the invaders by mechanisms that include production of active derivatives of oxygen. 

Flagella are threads of protein often 2fim. long which start as small basal organs just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane. They are responsible for the movement of motile bacteria. Their number and distribution varies. Some species bear a single flagellum, others are flagellate over their whole surface. 

An indwelling catheter is commonly used in various health care settings, and is associated with UTIs. Bacteria may be introduced into the bladder via the catheter in several ways. These include direct infection introduction during catheterization (via colonization and subsequently traveling the length of the catheter through bacterial motility or capillary action). UTIs as a result of an indwelling catheter are common and occur at a rate of 5% per day of catheter presence.25... 

This spirillar motion of bacteria is sufficient to propel them, and there is no need to invoke special motor organs like flagella. There is no evidence to show that the flagella-like appendages of bacteria act as motile organs-in fact all the evidence when critically examined points the other way. 

Not only does the visible gyratory undulating movement of motile bacteria satisfy all requirements for locomotion, but it is possible for bacteria grown under special conditions to swim in this fashion without showing tails or other supposed motor organs. ... 

Massi M., loan P., Budriesi R., Chiarini A., Vitali B., Lammers K.M., Gionchetti P., Campieri M., Lembo A. and Brigidi P. (2006). Effects of probiotic bacteria on gastrointestinal motility in guinea-pig isolated tissue . World J Gastroenterol, 7,12(37),... 

Intestinal clearance is henceforth defined as the ability of the small bowel to clear its lumen of bacteria. The known conditions of major clinical importance for intact intestinal clearance are (1) normal gastrointestinal anatomy, including the absence of intestinal diverticula and fistula, and (2) normal intestinal motility. 

Roily and Liebermeister [95] showed that bacteria introduced into the small bowel disappeared rapidly, without bile, pancreatic, and intestinal juices having antibacterial properties alone or mixed. Later studies, of which those by Dack and Petran [96], Dixon [99] and Dixon and Paulley [100] are of particular importance, provided considerable further evidence that intestinal peristalsis is the main line of defense against bacterial colonization of the small bowel. This was also concluded by Donaldson [101-103] when he reviewed host defense mechanisms in 1964. At that time, however, the insights into small bowel motility were confined to the reflex-mediated peristaltic behavior. 

The answers are 408-e, 409-c. (Hardman, pp 922-923.) Lactulose is a disaccharide that is not absorbed and, thus, acts as an osmotic agent in the gut. In the colon, lactulose is broken down by bacteria to lactic, formic, and acetic acids plus carbon dioxide, which tend to also increase motility... 

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