Attachment bacteria

Simon, M. (1987). Biomass and production of small and large free-living and attached bacteria in Lake Constance, Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 591-607. 

Some fixed filtration systems are relatively inexpensive. For example, constructed wetlands and sand filters are generally the most successful methods of polishing the treated wastewater effluent from lagoons. These systems have also been used with more traditional, engineered primary treatment technologies such as septic tanks and primary clarifiers. In such constructed wetlands, the system utilizes the roots of plants to provide substrate for the growth of attached bacteria, which utilize the nutrients present in the effluents and for the transfer of oxygen. 

Crump, B. C., J. A. Baross, and C. A. Simenstad. 1998. Dominance of particle-attached bacteria in the Columbia River estuary, USA. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 14 7-18. 

Acinas, S. G., J. Anton, and F. Rodriguez-Valera. 1999. Diversity of free-living and attached bacteria in offshore western Mediterranean waters as depicted by analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 514—522. 

Caron, D.A. (1987) Grazing of attached bacteria by heterotrophic microflagellates. Microb. Ecol. 13, 203-218. 

Nishijima, W., et al. (1997). Effects of adsorbed substances on bioactivity of attached bacteria on granular activated carbon. Water Science Technol, Proc. 1995 5th lAWQ Asian Regional Conf. on Water Quality and Pollut. Control, Feb. 7-9, 1995, Manila, Philippines, 35, 8, 203-208. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, England. 

Based partly on anecdotal evidence from culture work, observations in waste water treatment systems with very high particulate loads, the tendency of nitrifiers to grow in aggregates in bioreactor biofilms, and the prevalence of small particles in natural waters, it has been suggested that nitrification occurs mainly on particles and is mediated by particle-attached bacteria (Hagopian and Riley, 1998). Nitrifier sequences were found both associated with particles and in the bulk seawater phase in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. In the clone library of 16S rRNA sequences, Nitrosomonas-like sequences were preferentially associated with particles and Nitrosospira-]ike sequences dominated in clones from the planktonic phase (PhiUips et al, 1999). This may indicate niche preference by the different groups on the basis of attachment to particles, substrate concentration or other physical/... 

Salivary a-amylase is a protein that contributes to the enamel pellicle (Sect. 12.1.3). More importantly, it attaches bacteria, especially streptococci, to teeth surfaces. Thus, following a meal rich in carbohydrates, amylopectin, amylase, and glycogen are digested to maltose at the surface of many oral bacteria. The maltose is taken into the cytosol by a phosphoenolpyruvate transporter homologous to the fructose transporter of S. mutans. Within these bacteria, the maltose is digested to two molecules of glucose 6-phosphate and metabolized to lactic acid. Thus, twice as much acid is produced per mole maltose than per mole sucrose and it contributes to tooth demineralization even if less sucrose is consumed. 

Long chain fatty aldehydes such as (Z)-8-heptadecenal, (Z, Z)-8, 11-heptadeca-dienal and (Z, Z, Z)-8,11,14-heptadecatrienal have been identified as major volatile compounds in the Ulvaceae essential oils (4). They have been shown to be produced enzymatically from unsaturated fatty acids in the field fronds of U. pertusa collected from the sea (20,29). Thus, it remained to establish unequivocally that the enzymatic activity does not derive from the attached bacteria or other epiphytes. 

These experiments pointed out that respiratory reduction of As(V) sorbed to solid phases can indeed occur in nature, but its extent and the degree of mobilization of the As(III) product is constrained by the type of minerals present in a given system. What remains unclear is whether micro-organisms can actually reduce As(V) while it is attached to the mineral surface, or if they attack a mono-layer of aqueous As(V) that is in equilibrium with the As(V) adsorbed onto the surface layer. If, as is the case for dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria such as Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis (44,45), components of the electron transport chain are localized to the outer-membrane of some arsenate-respiring bacteria, direct reductive dissolution of insoluble arsenate minerals may be possible by attached bacteria. Too little is known at present about the topology... 

Based on experimental observations by Monroy-Fernmdez et al. (30), the mechanism of microbial attack of arsenopyrite can be explained as follows. Two surface reactions take place initially that are promoted by attached bacteria (80%) and planktonic bacteria (20%) in the exponential growth phase ... 

These reactions are followed by a reaction promoted by attached bacteria (45-75%) in the beginning of the stationary phase ... 

It can be inferred, then, that sessile bacteria are not simply the planktonic bacteria joining the flock of the surface-attached bacteria. The sessile bacteria could by themselves be very complicated, and for sure, their impact on corrosion is a matter that will require more research. However, in addition to the possible effects that sessile bacteria (or, in fact, biofilms) can have on corrosion, one important matter about them is that when biofilms are formed, not only the genetic and... 

Preventive sanitisation is much more effective than corrective disinfection because a single attached bacteria is easier to kill and remove than a biofilm. Membrane life is shortened by extensive sanitisation. 

Pilus (plural pili). A tiny hollow projection used to attach bacteria to surfaces (attachment pilus) or for conjugation (conjugation pilus). 

TANG K w (2005) Copepods as microbial hotspots in the ocean effects of host feeding activities on attached bacteria, Aquat Microb Ecol, 38,31-40. 

A somewhat modified cultivation-based method, which allows the metabolic activity of surface-attached bacteria to be recognised, consists of coating test coupons in Petri dishes with a layer of agar, followed by overnight incubation. The agar is then removed from the surface and incubated further with the contact-side facing up. The metabolically active bacteria form colonies which can be counted (Bredholt et al., 1999). 

Yu, F. P., Pyle, B. H. and McFeters, G. A., 1993. A direct viable count method for the enumeration of attached bacteria and assessment of biofilm disinfection. Journal of Microbiological Methods 17, 167-180. 

Physical condition. The physical condition of distribution system pipes influences their tendency to foster biological regrowth. Distribution pipes that have tuber-cules or other surface irregularities commonly harbor microbial encrustations. Certain pipe materials and conditions can lead to a heavy accumulation of bacteria on their walls, a so-called biofilm. By attaching to the surface, microorganisms can be protected from washout and can exploit larger nutrient resources either accumulated at the surface or in the passing water. Moreover, attached bacteria appear to be less affected by disinfectants than those suspended in the disinfected liquid. 

In medium risk systems, regular preventative cleanings may take the place of or be done in addition to biocide addition. Single attached bacteria are easier to remove than full biofilm. This approach requires a cleaning system and unit downtime. It has a moderate chemical cost but is more labor intensive. Depending on the frequency required and the chemicals used for cleaning, membranes may degrade faster. ... 

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