Bacteria in water

Study has proved that these coliform bacteria indicate the presence of human or animal wastes in water. Coliform bacteria naturally exist in the intestines of humans and certain animals. Thus, the presence of these bacteria in water is accepted proof that the water has been contaminated by human or animal wastes. Although such water may contain no pathogens, an infected person, animal or a carrier of disease, could add pathogens at any moment Thus, immediate corrective action must be taken. The presence of coliform bacteria shows water is contaminated by human... 

E-coli Escherichia coli - one of the non-pathogenic coliform organisms used to indicate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in water. 

The presence of fungi and bacteria in water-base or water-contaminated lubricants such as machining fluids and marine diesel crank case lubricants may promote corrosion, but have not been shown to be harmful to man . ... 

C.L. Meays, K. Broersma, R. Nordin and A. Mazumder, Source tracking fecal bacteria in water a critical review of current methods, J. Environ. Manage., 73 (2004) 71-79. 

Some municipalities use ozone gas rather than chlorine to kill bacteria in water. Research the advantages and disadvantages of using ozone in place of chlorine. 

Junli H, Li W, Nanqi R, et al. 1997a. Disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide on bacteria in water. Water Res31(3) 607-613. 

Bacteria in water are usually thought of in terms of human disease. Indeed, until quite late in the nineteenth century, disastrous outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever were common in the major cities of the world. The last outbreak of typhoid in the United Kingdom occurred in Croydon in 1937. Serious cholera epidemics still occur in some parts of the world one that began in Peru in 1991 spread to several countries in the Americas, causing 391,000 cases of illness and 4000 deaths that year. 

Biochemical oxygen demand A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by aerobic bacteria in water. 

Bioluminescence inhibition of bacteria in water samples (method using freshly prepared bacteria)... 

Biotransformation estimated rate constant of 1 x 10 10 mL cell-1 h-1 for bacteria in water (Mabey et al. 1982). Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k, and k2) ... 

Biotransformation k 3 10 9to3 x 10 GuLcell h. transformation for bacteria in water (Mabey ctal. 1982) Bioconcentration, Uptake (kj) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants ... 

Why are materials in the form of colloidal particles particularly reactive Since bacterial cells are the size of colloidal particles, how might this small size influence the behavior of bacteria in water and soil ... 

The raw minerals mined from natural deposits comprise mixtures of different specific minerals. An early step in mineral processing is to use crushing and grinding to free these various minerals from each other. In addition, these same processes may be used to reduce the mineral particle sizes to make them suitable for a subsequent separation process. Non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, and antimony are typically produced from mineral ores containing these metals as sulfides (and sometimes as oxides, carbonates, or sulfates) [91,619,620], The respective metal sulfides are usually separated from the raw ores by flotation. Flotation processes are also used to concentrate non-metallic minerals used in other industries, such as calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides, sulfur, coal, phosphates, alumina, silicates, and clays [91,619,621], Other examples are listed in Table 10.2, including the recovery of ink in paper recycling (which is discussed in Section 12.5.2), the recovery of bitumen from oil sands (which is discussed further in Section 11.3.2), and the removal of particulates and bacteria in water and wastewater treatment (which is discussed further in Section 9.4). 

The maximum contaminant levels for coliform bacteria are applicable to community and noncommunity water systems (Shelton, 1989). Two methods are used to measure coliform bacteria in water. One is the membrane filter technique and the other is the fermentation tube method. For details, see Shelton (1989). 

Oxidation-reduction reactions can be used for bleaching materials and sanitizing water. Sodium hypochlorite is used in solution as a liquid laundry bleach and as a solid component of dishwasher powders and cleansers. Calcium hypochlorite is often used for swimming pool sanitation. The hypochlorites kill bacteria in water by oxidizing them. Ozoue is a powerful oxidizing agent that can also be used to purify water. The ozone destroys bacteria and organic pollutants. Water that has been sanitized by ozone is free of the unpleasant taste, smell, and byproducts associated with chlorinated water. 

Electroporation-based sterilization of drinking water, wastewater, and seawater has been considered an attractive technology option. An industrial-scale system that utilizes PEE (pulsed electric field) technology results in killing of bacteria in water purification applications surmounting the consumer concern for harmful effects of heat or chemical methods of sterilization. 

Oxygen atoms, or radicals, are intermediates in this exothermic decomposition of O3 to O2. They act as strong oxidizing agents in such applications as destroying bacteria in water purification. 

Starkey, R. L. 1945. Transformations of iron by bacteria in water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 37(IO) 963-84. 

Broadaway SC, Barton SA, Pyle BH (2003) Rapid staining and enumeration of small numbers of total bacteria in water by solid-phase laser cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 4272 273 Butor C, Duquenne O, Mignon-Godefroy K, Mougin C, GuiUet JG (1997) Solid phase cytometry allows rapid in situ quantification of human Papfiloma Virus infection in biopsy material. Cytometry 29 292-297... 

Lemarchand K, Parthuisot N, Catala P, Lebaron P (2001) Comparative assessment of epifluores-cence microscopy, flow cytometry and solid phase cytometry in the enumeration of specific bacteria in water. Aquat Microb Ecol 25 301-309 Lepeuple AS, Delabre K, GUouppe S, IntertagUa L, de Roubin MR (2003) Laser scanning detection of FISH-labelled Escherichia coli from water samples. Water Sd Technol 47 123-129 Lisle JT, Hamilton MA, Willse AR, McFeters GA (2004) Comparison of fluorescence microscopy and sohd-phase cytometry methods for counting bacteria in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 5343-5348... 

Reynolds DT, Fricker EJ, Purdy D, Fricker CR (1997) Development of a rapid method for the enumeration of bacteria in potable water. Water Sci Tech 35 433 36 Reynolds DT, Fricker CR (1999) Application of laser scanning for the rapid and automated detection of bacteria in water samples. J Appl Microbiol 86 785-795 Reynolds DT, Slade RB, Sykes NJ, Jonas A, Fricker CR (1999) Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water techniques for generating precise recovery data. J Appl Microbiol 87 804-813... 

B. H. Lapizco-Encinas, B. A. Simmons, E. B. Cummings and Y. Fintschenko, Insulator-based dielectrophoresis for the selective concentration and separation of live bacteria in water, Electrophoresis, 25, 1695-1704 (2004). 

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