Ethylene oxide derivatives

Lignites and lignosulfonates can act as o/w emulsifiers, but generally are added for other purposes. Various anionic surfactants, including alkylarylsulfonates and alkylaryl sulfates and poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives of fatty acids, esters, and others, are used. Very Httle oil is added to water-base muds in use offshore for environmental reasons. A nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) derivative of nonylphenol [9016-45-9] is used in calcium-treated muds (126). 

An example of the first type is the emulsion stabiliser as exemplified by sodium oleyl sulphate, cetyl pyridinium chloride and poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives. For a number of applications it is desirable that the latex be thickened before use, in which case thickening agents such as water-soluble cellulose ethers or certain alginates or methacrylates may be employed. Antifoams such as silicone oils are occasionally required. 

Further evidence for the Aa11 mechanism was obtained from a solvent kinetic isotope study. The theoretical kinetic isotope effects for intermediates in the three reaction pathways as derived from fractionation factors are indicated in parentheses in Scheme 6.143,144 For the Aa11 mechanism (pathway (iii)) a solvent KIE (/ch2o A d2o) between 0.48 and 0.33 is predicted while both bimolecular processes (pathways (i) and (ii)) would have greater values of between 0.48 and 0.69. Acid-catalysed hydrolysis of ethylene oxide derivatives and acetals, which follow an A1 mechanism, display KIEs in the region of 0.5 or less while normal acid-catalysed ester hydrolyses (AAc2 mechanism) have values between 0.6 and 0.7.145,146... 

The most interesting ethylene oxide derivative of the hexitols encountered hitherto is 1,2 5,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol. This was obtained in the form of its 3,4-isopropylidene (LXXXVIII) and 3,4-ethylidene (LXXXIX) derivatives.72 The isopropylidene compound was synthesized from l,6-dichloro-l,6-didesoxy-D-mannitol through its conversion first into l,6-dichloro-l,6-didesoxy-3,4-isopropylidene-D-mannitol. This,... 

There is a great variety of ethylene oxide derivatives with differing numbers of EO oligomers produced, depending on the desired properties of the final AEs used in the detergent or cleaning preparation. When the final product is transformed into an ethoxy sulfate, the AES usually... 

The ethylene oxide block is hydrophilic, whereas the propylene oxide block is (relatively) hydrophobic. The copolymer forms micelles in aqueous solutions with the hydrophilic portions pointing outward, interacting with the water, while the hydrophobic portions form the inner core, shielded from the water by the ethylene oxide-derived block. A micelle is also formed in organic liquids, but here the hydrophobic propylene oxide block faces outward, whereas the ethylene oxide bloek acts as the inner eore. 

TABLE 3. Physical Properties of Inclusion Complexes of a- or 7-Cyclodextrins with Poly ethylene oxide-6-[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] diol-t>-ethylene oxide Derivatives... 

The lactose esters and their ethyoxylated (prepared by treatment with ethylene oxide) derivatives possessed surfactant properties comparable to those shown by analogous sucrose derivatives. The best detergency properties were shown by the lower fatty acid monoesters of lactose. The comparable lactitol esters were slightly better detergents than the lactose esters no improvement was brought about in either case by the ethylene oxide adducts. The esters of both lactose and lactitol are readily biodegradable. 

U.S. 5478490 (1995) Russo et al. (Lonza) Polyglyceryl esters Meet baby shampoo criteria without the need of using ethylene oxide derivatives viscosity and clarity can be adjusted by tailoring the polyglyceryl ester... 

Fatty amides — (R-CO-NH-CH2-CH2)2-N+ (CH3 )(CH2-CH2-0) H — also require low pH (3.5 to 5.0) to be dispersed since they do not bear a permanent charge. They are the third most popular active in North America. Because of the European restrictions on using ethylene oxide derivatives, they are much less used in Europe [7], They are easily formulated in concentrated products. 

Specialties and intermediates consist of ethylene oxide derivatives (polyethylene glycol, surfactants, amines, deicing fluids, heat transfer fluids, lubricants, and solvents) solvent and emulsion systems (alcohols, acrylics, vinyl acetate, latexes, and modifiers) for use in paints, adhesives, and household... 

Specialities and Intermediates this segment accounts for 71% of turnover and manufactures specialty polyolefins, surfactants, catalysts, acrolein and its derivatives, water-soluble polymers, personal care raw materials, specialty coatings, acrylic latexes, solvents, acrylic monomers and ethylene oxide derivatives. 

Application of polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid and ethylene oxide derivatives in pharmacy 01KFZ(1)33. 

The manufacture of ethylene oxide derivatives is an especially good example of the industrial application of complex series. 

N. Schonfeldt, Grenzflachenaktive Athylenoxid-Addukte, Ihre Herstellung, Eigenschaften, Anwendung und Analyse (Surface Active Ethylene Oxide Derivatives, Their Production, Application and Analysis), Wissenschaft Verlag, Stuttgart, 1976. 

Nokwequ, G. M. and Bariyanga, J. Synthesis, characterization and biodegradability of a water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) derivative polymer bearing carboxylic acid side chain function.. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 15, 503, 2000. 

Their hydrophilicity arises from the presence of water-solubilizing groups such as —OH, —COOH, —CONH2, —CONH—, —SO3H, and so on. Alternately, the main chain of the polymer may be water soluble, such as poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives (122), or based on acrylic, acrylamide, A-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, poly (vinyl alcohol), ionomers or glycopolymers (123). The insolubility arises from the presence of a three-dimensional network. The cross-links may be covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic, or dipole-dipole in character. The extent of hydration may exceed a factor of 100, based on dry gel weight. 

MED Medved, Z.N. and Bulgakova, M.V., Phase equilibrium in aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives possessing eng groups of different hydrophilic character (Russ.), Zh. Prikl. Khim., 53,1669,1980. 

Leroux, F. Aranda, P. Besse, J.P. Ruiz-Hitzky, E. Intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives into layered double hydroxides. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 6, 1242-1251. 

The decrease in intensity of the peaks related to epoxy (peaks 5 and 6 in Fig. 7-7) is directly related to the appearance of a broad and intense peak around 74 ppm. This chemical shift is typical of C atoms in oligo- or poly(ethylene) oxide derivative species formed from the epoxy opening. Larger amounts of BF3 (samples GTB5 and GTBIO... 

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