Axonal regeneration

It is also possible that axonal regeneration and collateral sprouting arc associated with considerably greater densities of uptake sites per neuron, thereby making it more difficult to assess neuronal recovery from this index. The fact that serotonin levels remain 40 to 50 percent below age-matched controls for up to 1 year in spite of normal levels of serotonin uptake sites indicates that, following lesion by MDMA, the serotonin... 

Filbin, M. T. Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 703-713, 2003. 

Filbin, M. T. Myelin-associated glycoprotein a role in myelination and in the inhibition of axonal regeneration Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5 588-595,1995. 

IGF I has recently been the focus of considerable interest due to its actions on motor neurons. It can prevent normal motor neuron cell death during development, reduce the loss of these cells following nerve injury and enhance axonal regeneration. In the adult, injection of IGF I results in sprouting of motor neuron terminals and increases the size of the neuromuscular junction. These and other studies suggest potential therapeutic applications of IGF I in several neurological diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. 

The molecular and cellular events during Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system transform the damaged nerve into an environment that supports regeneration 518 Both Schwann cells and basal lamina are required for axonal regeneration... 

Adhesion molecules such as LI, neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and N-cadherin promote axonal regeneration by homophilic interactions between axons and Schwann cell surfaces (see Ch. 7). The expression of p75 (low affinity NGF receptor, Ch. 27) is also increased at the Schwann cell surface after injury. Extracellular matrix molecules, such as tenascin and proteoglycans, increase the regenerative potential of damaged peripheral nerves by binding to integrins on the axonal surface. 

Nogo-A is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth and blocks axonal regeneration in the central nervous system. Early in vitro experiments showed that neurite outgrowth was impeded across a culture dish coated with CNS myelin whereas neurites would actively grow on a... 

Nogo-A. Treatment with IN-1 promoted axonal regeneration and behavioral recovery in rats after thoracic spinal cord injury. These exciting results have since been confirmed using local intrathecal pump infusions of recombinant IN-1 Fab fragments or novel anti-Nogo-A antibodies [9]. 

Schwab, M. E. Nogo and axon regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14 118-124, 2004. 

Fournier,A E., Grandpre,T., Strittmatter, S. M. Identification of a receptor mediating Nogo-66 inhibition of axonal regeneration. Nature 409 341-346,2001. 

Sicotte, M., Tsatas, O., Jeong, S. Y., Cai, C-Q., He, Z. and David, S. Immunization with myelin or recombinant Nogo-66/MAG promotes axon regeneration and sprouting after corticospinal tract lesions in the spinal cord. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 23 251-263, 2003. 

Kobayashi, N. R., Fan, D-P., Giehl, K. M., Bedard, A. M., Wiegand, S. J. and Tetzlaff, W. BDNF and NT-4/5 prevent atrophy of rat rubrospinal neurons after cervical axotomy, stimulate GAP-43 and Tal-tubulin mRNA expression, and promote axonal regeneration. /. Neurosci. 17 9583-9595, 1997. 

Cui SS, Yang CP, Bowen RC, Bai O, Li XM, Jiang W, Zhang X (2003) Valproic acid enhances axonal regeneration and recovery of motor function after sciatic nerve axotomy in adult rats. Brain Res 975(l-2) 229-236... 

Wildering, W.C., Hermann, P.M. and Bulloch, A.G.M. (2001) Lymnaea epidermal growth factor promotes axonal regeneration in CNS organ culture, journal of Neuroscience 21, 9345-9354. 

As another application of LCM to CNS injury, Ho et al. (ref. 533) studied the affinity of LCM to the site of a localized (thermal) brain injury. It had been well documented that in response to injury in the CNS, astrocytes are activated which is accompanied by an increased content of GFAP, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia (ref. 679-683). (This process of gliosis (ref. 682) results in scar formation it has been speculated that the scar may inhibit axonal regeneration (ref. 684)) (ref. 533). Ho et al. observed that the influx of LCM began at the time when GFAP-positive cells began to appear. It seemed likely that LCM are initially attracted to the reactive astrocytes, but subsequently the LCM were found to be excluded... 

F.J. Liuzzi and R. Lasek, Astrocytes block axonal regeneration in mammals by activating the physiological stop pathway, Science 237(1987)642-645. 

Thompson KM, Uetani N, Manitt C et al (2003) Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma inhibits axonal regeneration and the rate of axon extension. Mol Cell Neurosci 23 681-92 Tobaben S, Sfldhof TC, Stahl B (2002) Genetic analysis of a-latrotoxin receptors reveals functional interdependence of CIRL/latrophilin 1 and neurexin la. J Biol Chem 277 6359-65 Tobaben S, Sfldhof TC, Stahl B (2000) The G protein-coupled receptor CL1 interacts directly with proteins of the Shank family. J Biol Chem 275 36204-10 Tonks NK (2006) Protein tyrosine phosphatases from genes, to function, to disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7 833 16... 

Qiu, J., Cafferty, W. B., McMahon, S. B., and Thompson, S. W. (2005). Conditioning injury-induced spinal axon regeneration requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. J. Neurosci. 25, 1645—1653. 

Gold, B. G., Katoh, K., and Storm-Dickerson, T. (1995). The immunosuppressant FK506 increases the rate of axonal regeneration in rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurosci. 15, 7509-7516. 

Koert CE, Spencer GE, van Minnen J, Li KW, Geraerts WP, Syed NI, Smit AB, van Kesteren RE (2001) Functional implications of neurotransmitter expression during axonal regeneration serotonin, but not peptides, auto-regulate axon growth of an identified central neuron. J Neurosci 27 5597-5606. 

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