Duplication of effort

These two components, both of which are discussed below, share a number of common elements and can be organized to minimize duplication of effort. Taken together, companywide and plant-level monitoring should assure that, at any given time, both local and corporate managers have sufficient information to enable them to ... 

We will eliminate all duplication of effort within our PSM and ESH systems by integrating the elements, programs, and management processes wherever possible. We will achieve this integration by using Quality Management principles to design new systems. We will measure our improvement in terms of fewer resources, quicker response to new demands and improved PSM and ESH performance. 

An important role of project managers is to integrate the individual parts of a project into a compatible whole. Is something being neglected Is there duplication of effort How can the people available be best deployed ... 

Minimize duplication of efforts in the codes and standards development. 

In the past, a company wishing to gain a marketing licence within Europe usually applied for separate marketing authorizations on a country-by-country basis. This entailed significant duplication of effort as ... 

Institutions that are cooperating in multi-institutional studies, such as clinical drug trials, must each review and approve the proposed studies. Such institutions may, however, use joint review, rely on the review of another qualified IRB, or utilize similar arrangements to avoid duplication of efforts (Cato, 1988). 

In some cases the duplication of effort was deliberate Reid gave the same synthetic problem simultaneously to several chemists. 

The GPA program is carefully integrated with other programs (American Petroleum Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, etc.) to avoid duplication of effort. 

One of the most critical issues is clearly establishing which groups have responsibility for which activities and areas. These responsibilities may change during the investigation. The incident investigation team leader must ensure that these responsibilities are clear to all groups to avoid duplication of effort or omission of critical activities. 

The chemical industry supports the OECD activities on HPV chemicals because this work eliminates duplication of efforts to test chemicals to fulfill various national and regional requirements... 

Two characteristics of vaccine markets make prizes an attractive incentive system. Vaccines create a large social value that firms cannot fully appropriate, and this social value can be calculated ex ante. When aggregate deadweight loss is the primary concern and the social value of an invention is verifiable (as is likely for vaccines), prizes maybe preferable to an intellectual property system (Maurer and Scotchmer 2004). Unlike under the patent system, the number of participants and the potential duplication of effort can be altered with the size of the prize. Additionally, if social value is expected to be much higher than costs, a prize can be set lower than social value. 

Where there are two or more manufacturers/importers of the same substance, they are required to form a Substance Information Exchange Forum (SIEF). Forming a SIEF is not optional, and companies that refuse to join, or to cooperate, may lose their authority to market the substance. The SIEF will consider the need for additional testing, particularly testing that requires the use of animals, to avoid duplication of effort. 

This comprehensive approach allows for efficient integration between processes, different phases of product life cycle, and integration between different sites in the supply chain. This integration provides opportunity for efficiency in that process owners are integrated with each other s needs and expectations. Duplication of effort is avoided and efficiencies gained. Quality outputs from one process become reliable inputs into the next process. Management and leadership will have access and insight into compliance, infrastructure, and performance metrics of all processes on a comparable basis. This provides leadership the opportunity for risk-based resource allocation to appropriate areas of the enterprise. 

Although plant-herbivore co-evolutionary theory provides a model for the evolution of the phytochemical diversity between species described above, the diversity of closely related compounds or analogs observed in any single species is not readily explained. Jones and Firn (1991), Berenbaum (1985) and Feng and Isman (1995) provided several hypotheses that have looked specifically at the evolution of diversity of phytochemical substances in a single species and the possibility of analog redundancy (a duplication of effort or production of compounds with... 

Although we were able to obtain the desired 29 in this way, there were several aspects of the last few steps that troubled us. One flaw was the requirement for azeotropic removal of H20 in two consecutive steps the dehydration of 26 to 5 and the acetalization of 5 to 27. Another flaw was that the acetal protecting group, discarded immediately after its use here, needed to be reinstalled before the last step of the synthesis (see below). Although ethylene glycol was very inexpensive, it seemed that this duplication of effort should have been avoided, if possible. 

Whatever the approach, consideration should be given to avoiding duplication of effort, and where possible qualification verification and test procedures should use or reference system acceptance and engineering inspection and commissioning documentation. 

Bader, McWeeny, Cruickshank, Morokuma, Hermann, Snyder, Fukui, Ohno, Kutzelnigg, and many others who shaped the field in the 1960s. These reports increased awareness of what each group was currently working on, again to help avoid duplication of effort (and perhaps accelerate competitive races). 

Section III contains discussions of major new facilities—some under construction, some in intensive design stages, and some still in the idea stage. These and other major facilities are critical to maintaining the rapid pace of advancement in nuclear structure research and represent, for the most part, a history of multinational participation. The coordination and phased development of new facilities avoid duplication of effort and enhance overall productivity of the worldwide research community. Section III also looks at a selection of new techniques and smaller facilities that provide a sample of imaginative approaches to current and future experiments. Three very different approaches to the study of a particular nucleus, 138Sm, are included to illustrate the complementarity of different facilities and techniques in approaching the study of specific cases. 

Tremendous activity on research into the physical and associated chemical characteristics of rr-Si has ensued from these early reports with, unfortunately, considerable duplication of effort. It is impossible to mention all of this work here and interested readers are directed to recent reviews and booksl5,26,3M7 for further aspects of this work. 

The FDA emphasizes that there are three routes to development of a harmonized international standard, all of which are favored under the FDA policy (1) The U.S. voluntary standards community or an agency, such as the FDA, develops a U.S. standard and takes it to an international forum so it can be made an international standard (2) A standard already developed in an international forum (or by another country or a regional standards body) is adopted as a U.S. voluntary or regulatory standard or (3) A new international standard is developed, from scratch, in an international forum. Which of these routes is followed in the particular case will vary with the facts of that case. While starting a standards activity in an international forum offers many efficiencies in avoiding duplication of effort, there will continue to be times when it makes sense first to develop a domestic standard (voluntary or regulatory) and then to take it, as appropriate, to an international forum. 

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