Auto analyzer method

CK catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of creatine in the presence of ATP and magnesium. When creatine phosphate is the substrate, the resulting creatine can be measured as the ninhydrin fluorescent compound, as in the continuous flow Auto Analyzer method. Kinetic methods based on coupled enzymatic reactions are also popular. Tanzer and Gilvarg (40) developed a kinetic method using the two exogenous enzymes pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase to measure the CK rate by following the oxidation of NADH. In this procedure the main reaction is run in a less favorable direction. 

The concentrations of glutamic acid in some fermentation broths were determined by the microbial sensor and by the Auto-analyzer method. The results were in good agreement. The response of the sensor was constant for more than 3 weeks and 1500 assays. Thus the microbial sensor appears to be very attractive for the determination of glutamic acid. 

Dissolved organic carbon (determined by combustion at 680 °C on a Shi-rnadzu TOC-500 instrument) was about 3.5 mg/L and varied little in samples from different depths and times. Alkalinity (determined by Gran plot titrations) was 3-4 mmol/L, and pH varied with depth and time in the range 7.5-8.5 (21). Dissolved phosphate and silicate were measured in filtered samples by standard automated (Auto-Analyzer) methods (25). 

Owing to the quicker processing speed, and especially the need to apply lower amounts of sample solution, one would generally employ the auto-analyzer method to this end. The method is also described in the aforementioned textbook. The auto-analyzer can be either self-built or may be purchased from diverse commercial suppliers as a ready-to-use appliance. The analysis of marine pore water is generally characterized by small sample volumes and, as for some parameters, concentrations that are distinctly different from... 

As can be seen in Table IX, the stannous chloride 14) method without extraction was the most popular and gave the best results. Good results were also obtained with the aminonaphtholsulfonic acid (13) and auto analyzer methods except at the lower concentration, where poor results were obtained. 

An attempt to automate the turbidi-metric method for the determination of neomycin with K. pne.umon4.ae. has been reported by Gerke et al281 who obtained satisfactory assays with solutions containing 150-1200 yg/ml of neomycin. An automated respirometric method, which measured the amount of CO2 produced by interaction of antibiotic and the bacteria E.cot.i was also reported with a similar sensitivity. In both methods Auto Analyzer systems were employed. 

The extent of urea (BUN) present in biological fluids is normally determined in many Auto Analyzers by the following method ... 

Routine analyses of large numbers of similar samples can readily be automated and the sample throughput considerably increased (sometimes up to about 200 samples per hour) by carrying out the analyses in a continuously flowing medium. At present there are two basic approaches to the problem, the older technique of continuous-flow analysis (CFA) introduced more than 25 years ago [145] and widely developed by the Technicon Company (Auto-Analyzer), and more recent flow-injection analysis (FIA for a recent literature review see [123]). For a brief comparative survey of the two methods see [148]. 

Physical and chemical measurements were made weekly at a central station in each side of the lake. Water samples were filtered through Whatman GF/C or Gelman A/E glass-fiber filters (1.0- xm pore size). N03 was measured by reduction to N02" in a cadmium column and formation of a pink azo dye, NH4+ was measured by using a phenol-hypochlorite method, and soluble reactive phosphate was measured by a molybdenum blue method. After 1990 nutrients were measured by using similar methods on a Technicon Auto Analyzer (83). 

Analytical Methods. Temperature, pH, and oxygen were measured in situ by using a combined sensor (Ztillig). Ammonium was determined by flow injection analysis (27), and nitrate and silicate by spectrophotometric methods (Auto-Analyzer) (28). Sulfide was determined by using a H2S-specific electrode (29). 

Lindqvist, B., Roos, T., Fujita, H. 1975. Auto-Analyzer determination of free fatty acids in farm milk. Modification of present methods to simplify transportation of sample. Milchwis-senschaft 30, 12-17. 

Suhren, G. 1983. Beziehungen zwischen den Ergibnissen der FFA-Bestimmung nach der Auto-Analyzer- und BLM-Methode. Deutsch. Milchwirtsch. 34, 214. 

Consideration of the analyses performed on the 8-channel and both models of the 12-channel Technicon equipment in relation to the earlier discussion means that these latest developments in the field of Auto-Analyzer instrumentation demand standardized sera for calibration purposes. In fact, the successful operation of the SMA-12 instrument is entirely dependent upon the careful analysis and subsequent stability of the standardizing serum, since this is used both for the initial calibration of the various analytical channels and for the subsequent monitoring for drift and application of any correction needed as a result of instrumental drift. Apart from this large demand for standardizing serum (about 70 ml in an 8-hour day), the performance of the SMA-12 should in addition be checked by means of control sera, as for any other method or combination of methods in clinical chemistry. The expense of the standardizing (and to a lesser extent the control) sera used in SMA-12 operation constitutes an important but nevertheless essential fraction of the operating costs of these instruments. 

As a minimum, each batch of analyses in clinical chemistry must include (1) a standard, (2) a blank, and (3) a control that is indistinguishable from the specimens being analyzed. For large batches of analyses, either manually performed or carried out with equipment such as Auto-Analyzers, at least one in every 40 specimens analyzed should be a control. The most important type of control to include in any assessment is one that allows the between-batch reproducibility of the method to be monitored this can be achieved most simply and cheaply by repeating in the subsequent batch the analysis of a patient s specimen included in the previous batch, due care being taken to ensure the stability of the material being analyzed during the interval between batches of analyses. 

Fig. 5. Relation between serum alkaline phosphatase determined in the Auto-Analyzer and by the manual method. AutoAnalyzer units are King-Armstrong, and manual units are Bodansky-Shinowara (F14).

An automated assay for serum amylase was described. Using the Auto-Analyzer II the method employs, as substrate, a solution of dyed amylopectin which is commercially available (DyAmyl-L). After incubation of serum and substrate at 55 C, KOH (1.0 moF ) is introduced and the coloured products of enzymic hydrolysis are separated by dialysis against phosphate buffer. Absorbance is measured at 540 nm and the enzymic activity read from a standard curve obtained using calibration sera Versatol E and EN. The system provides accurate and reproducible measurement of serum amylase. The results obtained from... 

Phosphate and other salts may be measured by various titrimetric and colorimetric methods. Phosphate is measured titrimetrically by precipitation of quinoline phosphomolybdate that is collected and dissolved in a small known excess of alkali and then back-titrated with standard acid. A colorimetric method based on the reaction of the phosphate with ammonium molybdate followed by partial reduction to give molybdenum blue has been developed for use in auto-analyzers. 

To start the second step of the hydrolysis, 15 ml of pancreatin solution (5 mg/ml, hog pancreas 5X) in phosphate buffer was introduced in the bag and mixed with the products of pectic digestion. Pancreatic hydrolysis products then were continuously collected as they were dialyzed for various periods of up to 24 hours. The amount of nitrogen released was determined by an Auto Analyzer (using the method no 329-74 W/B of Technicon, Tarrytown, N.Y.). Samples of dialysate and undigested protein fractions were hydrolyzed for 24 h in 6 N HCl at lOO C. Amino acid content was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (Vachon al., 1982). 

A common known method to get eddy-current informations about material flaws is the measurement of real- and imaginary part of the complex impedance of a coil in absolute circuit. The measurement, shown in this paper, are done with an impedance analyzer (HP4192A). The device measures the serial inductance L, and the serial resistance Rs of the complex impedance with an auto-balance bridge measurement circuit [5]. 

As we have seen so far, libraries of hydrogenation catalysts are never composed of more than a few dozen members, up to 100 to 200 at the most. Consequently, modern analytical equipment such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an auto-sampler or even flow-through NMR systems are sufficient to handle the analysis of the entire library. Nevertheless, a few groups have initiated research towards the development of fast, sometimes parallel, analytical procedures. A few reviews have appeared on this subject [59]. Here, we will concentrate on the methods developed to analyze hydrogenation reactions, or methods that could likely be applied. 

In the present study, we analyzed proteome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), esophageal cancer, and pancreatic cancer tissues. We identified many proteins whose expression in cancer tissues was different from corresponding non-cancerous tissues by using 2-DE and MS. Furthermore, we identified some auto-antibodies reacting to proteins in HCC cancer tissues. In this chapter, we will describe the method, our experimental result, and reports from other researchers about proteomic analysis in cancer patients. 

The fermentation medium was analyzed with a Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer according to the APHA (5310C) method (9). 

Because cell-free methods are highly efficient in their incorporation of amino acids, only minute quantities of radiolabeled amino acids are required for analysis by autoradiography. Background translation of endogenous mRNA is also extremely low. This is advantageous because expression conditions can be rapidly screened for their effect on aggregation, solubility, and proteolytic susceptibihty of the expressed construct. Low background translation also means that total and soluble protein yields can be analyzed by auto-... 

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