Australia bauxite

Alumina powder is made from bauxite, a hydrated aluminium oxide with the formula AlfOH), of which there are large deposits in Australia, the Caribbean and Africa. After crushing and purification, the bauxite is heated at 1150°C to decompose it to alumina, which is then milled and sieved... 

No serious adverse effects on respiratory health as determined by self-reported symptoms and spirometry were found in current employees at three bauxite mines in Australia. ... 

Anand, R.R. Gilkes, R.J. Roach, G.l.D. (1991) Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of bauxites. Darling Range, Western Australia. Appl. Geochem. 6 233-248... 

Summers, R.N. Guise, N.R. Smirk, D.D. Summers, K.J. (1996) Bauxite residue (red mud) improves pasture growth on sandy soils in Western Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34 569-581... 

By 1995, Australia will probably be one of the world s three largest aluminum producers. At present, it supplies onc-third of the world s bauxite. New smeller construction underway is expected to boost the world production by two million tons (1.8 million metric tons). New Zealand also has a good potential. Australia has coal reserves estimated at 1500 years. 

Majm source is bauxite igihbsiie and boehmilcl Deposits, ire I ound worldwide, except in Antarctica. Major producers Australia Caribbean countries Venezuela, Brazil Indonesia... 

The primary source of aluminum is the mineral bauxite, which is found in large deposits in Australia, Jamaica, and Sumatra. Transportation costs are high, and many steps are required to process the ore. Because bauxite ore is usually contaminated with the oxides of iron, titanium, and silicon, pretreatment is required before extraction of the metal can begin. The crude bauxite must be crushed, washed, and dried in a kiln to free it from silicate clays, which interfere with later purification steps. 

Aluminum occurs in many common minerals and clays, as well as in gemstones. Sapphire and ruby are both impure forms of AI2O3 and receive their color from the presence of small amounts of other elements (Cr in ruby Fe and Ti in sapphire). Most aluminum is currently obtained from bauxite, A1203 H20, which occurs in large deposits in Australia, the United States,... 

Aluminum Bauxite AI2O3 X H2O Australia, Brazil, Jamaica... 

An additional feature that makes obtaining many inorganic materials so difficult is that they are not distributed uniformly in the earth s crust. It is a fact of life that the major producers of niobium are Canada and Brazil, and the United States imports 100% of the niobium needed. The situation is similar for bauxite, major deposits of which are found in Brazil, Jamaica, Australia, and French Guyana. In fact, of the various ores and minerals that are sources of important inorganic materials, the United States must rely on other countries for many of them. Table 1.2 shows some of the major inorganic raw materials, their uses, and their sources. 

Bauxite Aluminum, abrasives, refractories, AI2O3 Brazil, Australia, Jamaica, Guyana 100... 

Bauxite is most easily available to U.S. companies from Venezuela and islands in the Caribbean there is also a lot in Australia. When bauxite ceases to be economically obtainable from nearby sources (after the year 2000), Al will be extracted from clay (sodium aluminum sflicate), which is one of the more abundant minerals on earth and occurs in all countries. A1Q3 would be formed by chlorination of the clay and this compound would be added to a KQ-LiQ eutectic around 770 K. Electrolysis at this temperature would deposit solid Al. Because of the very large amount of Al available from clay, and because of its light weight, Al is tending to replace Fe even in automotive manufacture. 

Brimhall et al. (1991) used lead isotopes in zircons within a bauxite profile from Western Australia to differentiate between zircons derived from the underlying bedrock and zircons of eolian origin. Borg and Banner (1996) applied both neodymium and strontium isotopes to constrain the sources of soil developed on carbonate bedrock. Using these isotopes and Sm/Nd ratios, they were able to delineate the importance of atmospheric versus bedrock contributions in controlling the composition of the soil. Kurtz et al. (2001) used neodymium and strontium isotopes to determine the amount of Asian dust in a Hawaiian soil chronosequence. They found that the basaltic bedrock isotope signatures in soils had, in many cases, been completely overprinted by dust additions, demonstrating the profound effect of Asian dust on soil nutrient supplies. 

As of 2008, large reserves of bauxite were found in Australia, China, Brazil, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, and Venezuela. Bauxite production statistics for the United States were not reported to protect trade secrets. 

The raw material for the manufacture of aluminum hydroxide is bauxite, a mineral with ca. 45 to 60% AI2O3 in the form of hydrargillite (gibbsite), bdhmite and diaspore with iron oxides or hydroxides, silica (as kaolinite) and titanium dioxide as minor constituents. The largest deposits are to be found in Africa and Australia. 

The more severe conditions will also extract trihydrate alumina from bauxite so the deciding factor for the digestion conditions required is the presence of a significant concentration of monohydrate alumina content. Fortunately, trihydrate alumina is the dominant aluminum species present in the major world deposits of Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the U.S.A. European bauxites are mainly the monohydrate. 

The inorganic raw material supply comes mostly from mining. The shortage or exhaustion of one material requires the substitution of another. Chilean saltpeter replaced niter-bed saltpeter. The exhaustion of naturally occurring bauxite has forced U.S. aluminum companies to seek bauxite ores elsewhere— in Jamaica, Venezuela, and Australia. 

Australia is the world s largest producer of bauxite, producing almost 60 Mt per year. The major regional producer of bauxite in the United States is Arkansas, with smaller deposits in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Domestic mines supply less than 1% of the U.S. bauxite requirement and hence the United States is a major importer of bauxite, importing over lOMt/year. 

Aluminium is regarded as a strategic material, i.e. it is essential for military applications. Bauxite is, however, not found in large quantities in the developed Western world rather it comes from Africa, South America, Australia and Asia and is transported in the form of purified alumina. On the other hand, aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth s crust and is found everywhere, although in a less concentrated form than in bauxite, in common clays. Hence a further objective of R and D activity is to develop processes for the extraction of aluminium metal from clay. 

The production of aluminium is based on the electrolysis of molten alumina AI2O3 using the HaU-Herault process. Alumina is extracted in the Bayer process form the bauxite ore which contains 20 to 30 wt% Al. In 2002 the main producers of the ore are Australia (28%), Guinea (20%), Brazil (14%), Jamaica (7%), India (4%), and Guyana (3%) [1.9]. 

According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), world bauxite resources are estimated to be 55 to 75 billion tonnes, located mainly in South America (33%), Africa (27%), Asia (17%), Oceania (13%), and elsewhere (10%). Today, Australia supplies 35% of the world demand for bauxite, South America 25%, and Africa 15%. It is estimated that the current reserves will be able to supply worldwide demand for more than two centuries. Note that about 95% of bauxite is of metallurgical grade and hence used for the production of primary aluminum metal. 

Bauxite. A mineral containing a high proportion of aluminium hydroxides, formed by weathering in tropical climates. Its principal sources are Australia, Brazil, France, French Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Jamaica, Surinam, Russia and former Yugoslavia. It is purified in the bayer process (q.v.) to produce calcined alumina used in the abrasives, electroceramics, refractories and other branches of the ceramics industry. 

Mamnczyn, M. and Laros, T. J., Bauxite residue disposal at Alcoa of Australia using the Hi-Density thickener . Paper B2.2, AFS Seminar and Expo, System Approach to Separation and Filtration Process Equipment, Chicago, Illinois USA, May 3-6,1993, paper published in Advances in Filtration and Separation Technology, Vol. 7, American Filtration Society, Kingwood, Texas, April, 180-188 (1993)... 

In the bauxite deposit at Gove in northern Australia, an ore with the composition 50% aluminum oxide, 3% silicic add, 18% iron oxide, 3% titanium oxide and 25% wa-... 

Aluminum, A1 Bauxite, AIO(OH) andAl(OH)3 Australia, Guinea, Jamaica... 

Supplies of metal are finite and must be carefully conserved and recycled as the global population increases and demand increases.Supplies of metals are one factor that determines national wealth. For example, mining is an important primary industry in Australia, which has been supplying iron ore, zinc, uranium, copper, gold, bauxite (aluminium ore) and rare earth elements (lanthanoids). 

Want et al. (1982) reviewed the design of a bauxite residue pipeline for Alcoa Australia. The plant disposed 4.75 Mtpy (million tonnes per year) of alumina. Tests conducted on samples confirmed that the rheology of the slurry at concentrations in excess of 45% by weight could be expressed by the Carson equation ... 

Aluminium is regarded as a strategic material, i.e. it i essential for military applications. Bauxite is, however, not found in large quantities in the developed Western world rather it comes from Africa, South America, Australia and Asia... 

This is a piece of bauxite, the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide. Huge amounts of it are found in Australia and Jcunaica. But there is none in Britain. 

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