Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , polymer

Gaboury, S. R. Urban, M. W. Analysis of Gas-Plasma-Modified Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer Surfaces. Attenuated-Total-Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In Structure-Property Relations in Polymers Urban, M. W., Graver, C. D., Eds. Advances in Chemistry Series 236 American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1993 pp 777-790. 

Principal Component Regression (PCR) was used by Tuchbreiter and MueUiaupt to determine the composition of a number of random ethane/propene, ethane/1-hexene, and ethane/l-octene copolymers [120]. After polymerization, the polymers were characterized by both Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and C NMR and multivariate calibration models using PCR were subsequently developed to estimate the co-monomer content. 

Sammon C, Bajwa G, Timmins P, Melia CD (2006) The application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to monitor the concentration and state of water in solutions of a thermally responsive cellulose ether during gelation. Polymer... 

Neugebauer, H., et al., 1984. In situ investigations of the 3-methylthiophene polymer with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. 88, 652-654. 

The characterization of surface structure for miscible blends is a more formidable task, requiring techniques that are sensitive to the composition of the blend within several nanometers of the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) provided the first direct and quantitative evaluation of surface composition and surface composition gradients for miscible polymer blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and polystyrene (PS) (22,23). Since that time, the situation has changed dramatically with the advance of theory and the application of exciting new experimental techniques to this problem. In addition to xps and pendant drop tensiometry (22,23), forward recoil spectroscopy (28), neutron (29) and x-ray reflectivity (30), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (either dynamic or time-of-flight-static) (31,32), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (33-35), have been applied successfully to study surface segregation. The advent of these new tools has enabled a multitechnique experimental approach toward careful examination of the validity of current surface segregation theories (36-39). 

A less technically complicated approach for tracking the surface dehydration ability of proteins and polymers is by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Accordingly, a solution of a surface binding solute is pumped into a flow cell with a Zn-Se crystal sensor, where it is irradiated with IR light and reflected to a detector. The surface chemistry and area of the sensor are specified and the surface area increased using different types of nanobeads (50 nm in diameter). 

Roberge S, Dnbe MA. Inhne monitoring of styrene/butyl acrylate miniemnlsion polymerization with attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2007 103 46-52. 

In this work, researchers employed attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) (Figure 4.6) analysis to support their posmlation on UV-initiated grafting. In their proposed mechanism, the grafting process of the PES membrane started with the absorption of UV-light by phenoxy phenyl sulfone chromophores in the backbone of the polymer chain. Two radical sites were produced at the end of each polymer chains as a result of hemolytic cleavage of carbon-sulfur bond (in sulfone linkage). The produced radicals (aryl and sulfonyl) thus induced the polymerization of acrylic acid at the reactive sites of the radicals. Sulfonyl radical... 

Applied Spectroscopy 51, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1083-91 IMPROVEMENTS IN USE OF ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED DICHROISM FOR MEASURING SURFACE ORIENTATION IN POLYMERS Everall N J Bibby A... 

Infrared spectroscopy, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, is one of the oldest and most widely used analytical techniques in adhesion-related research. Transmission infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify compounds used in formulating adhesives and to follow curing reactions. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) (see Infrared spectroscopy attenuated total reflection) has been used to probe the surface composition of polymers that have been surface modified by an etching process or by deposition of a film. More recently, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (see Infrared spectroscopy RAIR) has been used to characterize thin films on the surfaces of reflecting substrates. 

This study addresses the question of how bulk polymer chemistry and surface energy affect the amount and the conformation of FN adsorbed to a series of polyurethaneureas. The technique of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) optics was used to continuously and non-invasively measure the kinetics of FN adsorption, as well as to monitor conformational changes occuring during adsorption. 

In this context, we used Fourier Transform Infrared-Mid Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-MIR-ATR) spectroscopy to characterize nine of the most important hydrophilic polymers used for microencapsulation, easy to form gels, namely, alginate, K-carrageenan, chitosan,... 

Surface characterization by spectroscopic techniques yields information on the functional groups and elemental composition on the surface of polymeric biomaterials. The most common spectroscopic tools used for biomedical polymers are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (diffuse reflectance and attenuated total internal reflectance modes). Each of these techniques is discussed in the succeeding text. 

Gardalla and Grobe compared attenuated total reflectance and photoacoustic sampling for surface analysis of polymer mixtures by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. They show that analysis by attenuated total reflectance is more suitable for smooth surfaces and is faster. Photoacoustic methods have shallower sampling depths than attenuated total reflectance but the latter technique is applicable over a range that is more controllable. 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for elemental analysis of plasma-deposited polymer films. The photoelectron spectrometer (Physical Electronics, Model 548) was used with an X-ray source of Mg Ka (1253.6 eV). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of plasma polymers deposited on the steel substrate were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Model 1750 spectrophotometer using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. The silane plasma-deposited steel sample was cut to match precisely the surface of the reflection element, which was a high refractive index KRS-5 crystal. 

The most widely available technique for identifying mainly polymer, but also additives in plastics, is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Samples are exposed to infrared light (4000-400 wavelengths per centimetre or cm ) causing chemical bonds to vibrate at specific frequencies, corresponding to particular energies. In the last 5 years, an accessory for FTIR has been developed, which enables non-destructive examination of surfaces and so is ideal for analysis of plastics in museum collections. Attenuated Total Reflection-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) requires samples to be placed on a diamond crystal with a diameter of 2 mm through which the infrared beam is reflected... 

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