Current surface

Hwang G S and Glapis K P 1998 The Influence of surface currents on pattern-dependent charging and notching J. Appl. Phys. 84 154... 

Under Httle or no illumination,/ must be minimized for optimum performance. The factor B is 1.0 for pure diffusion current and approaches 2.0 as depletion and surface-mode currents become important. Generally, high crystal quality for long minority carrier lifetime and low surface-state density reduce the dark current density which is the sum of the diffusion, depletion, tunneling, and surface currents. The ZM product is typically measured at zero bias and is expressed as RM. The ideal photodiode noise current can be expressed as follows ... 

Seasonal variations are associated not only directly with the elevation of the sun, but also with changes of surface currents depending on the prevailing winds. The annual variation is generally quite small in the tropics and greatest in the temperate zones, where it may amount to about 10° C. 

In this section we briefly review what controls the density of seawater and the vertical density stratification of the ocean. Surface currents, abyssal circulation, and thermocline circulation are considered individually. 

As a result of these factors (wind, Ekman transport, Coriolis force) the surface ocean circulation in the mid-latitudes is characterized by clockwise gyres in the northern hemisphere and the counterclockwise gyres in the southern hemisphere. The main surface currents around these gyres for the world s oceans are shown in Fig. 10-6. The regions where Ekman transport tends to push water together are called convergences. Divergences result when surface waters are pushed apart. 

Total transport by the surface currents varies greatly and reflects the mean currents and cross-sectional area. Some representative examples will illustrate the scale. The transport around... 

Fig. 10-5 Sketch of (a) current vectors with depth characteristic of an Eckman spiral (b) relationship between wind, surface current, and net water movement vectors and (c) production of circular gyres from the net interaction of the Coriolis force and Eckman transport.

The conveyor belt is shown schematically in Fig. 10-11. Warm and salty surface currents in the western North Atlantic (e.g., the Gulf Stream) transport heat to the Norwegian-Greenland Seas where it is transferred to the atmosphere. This heat helps moderate the climate of northern Europe. The cooling increases the density resulting in formation of the now cold and salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (Worthington, 1970). The NADW travels south through the North and South Atlantic and then joins the Circumpolar Current that travels virtually unimpeded in a clockwise direction around the Antarctic Continent. 

Simulating Liquid Water near Mineral Surfaces Current Methods and Limitations... 

The southern flank of the upwelling CDW sinks around the continent of Antarctica to become AABW The northern flank of upwelling CDW is transported by surface currents, first into the polar frontal zone (PFZ) where AAIW forms, and then into the subantarctic zone (SAZ ) where SAMW forms. At these latitudes, dust deposition is high enough to reduce iron limitation of the diatoms. As the surfece waters move northward. 

Arctic Throughflow Surface currents that move seawater between the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 

Divergence Horizontal flow of water from a common center or zone that results in upweUing. This occurs in the open ocean at the equator and 60°S as result of surface currents driven by the Trade winds and Westerlies, respectively. 

Indonesian throughflow Surface currents that move seawater from the southwestern Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean. 

The surface current consists of a non-equilibrium part driven by the incident flux and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, and the equilibrium part driven by capillary forces ... 

The present form (4) of the surface current is odd in h, so a surface growing from this current will be symmetric under the transformation h h. Another feature of this current is that in the absence of curvature it is finite for nonzero slopes V/z... 

Spin coating utilizes centrifugal forces created by a spinning substrate to spread a liquid evenly over its surface. Current applications are in photoresist technology for the microelectronic industry and in the manufacture of... 

Boukherroub, R. Chemical reactivity of hydrogen-terminated crystalline silicon surfaces. Current Opinion in Solid State Materials Science 9, 66 (2005). 

As indicaated in Fig. 3, consider the simplest case of such a field-containing inductor, a body of revolution as a toroid. The cross section of the toroid need not be circular. It lies on ST and contains the volume VT- With surface current density Js(rs, t) on ST as indicated, we have the following for zero frequency ... 

To analyze the properties of the toroidal antenna, consider it first as a receiver. As in Fig. 6, let the antenna be a body of revolution with respect to the z axis with the usual cordinates. With the incident electric field Ei,nc) taken initially parallel to the z axis, let the antenna be electrically small. Neglect the field distortion due to the antenna conductors, or equivalently consider the antenna (as in Section VII) as a set of distributed sources in space specified by a surface current density Js with... 

Actually the inductance is slightly larger than this since the N discrete windings only approximate a continuous -independent surface current density. 

When modelling the nonlinear response from a metal surface, two source currents are involved. The first and most difficult to describe is the source current from the surface which extends only a few angstroms into the metal. This surface current has components parallel and perpendicular to the surface. The latter is most sensitive to the details of the surface but is also the most difficult to calculate because of the discontinuity at the interface and the rapidly varying normal component of the electric field there. The bulk current is the second and is calculated to extend on the order of the optical skin depth into the metal. 

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