Atrazine toxicology

Catenacci, G., Barbieri, F., Bersani, M., Ferioli, A., Cottica, D., and Maroni, M. (1993) Biological monitoring of human exposure to atrazine, Toxicology Letters, 69 217-222. 

Allran, J.W. and Karasov, W.H. (2001). Effects of atrazine on embryos, larvae, and adults of auurau amphibiaus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 769-775. 

Coady, K.K., Murphy, M.B., and Villeneuve, D.L. et al. (2004). Effects of atrazine on metamorphosis, growth, and gonadal development in the green frog (Rana clamitans). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues 67, 941-957. 

Lucas, A.D., Jones, A.D., Goodrow, M.H., Saiz, S.G., Blewett, C., Seiber, J.N., and Hammock, B.D. (1993) Determination of atrazine metabolites in human urine development of a biomarker of exposure, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 6 107-116. 

Porter W P, Jaeger J W and Carlson I H (1999). Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarp (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concentrations . Toxicology and Industrial Health, 15,133-150. 

Biomarkers of atrazine exposure is a developing field (Lu et al. 1998) that merits additional research. For example, concentrations of atrazine in saliva of rats was significantly correlated with rat free atrazine plasma concentrations. About 26% of the atrazine in rats is bound to plasma proteins (and is unavailable for transport from blood to saliva) and is independent of plasma levels of atrazine. Salivary concentrations of atrazine reflect total plasma free atrazine concentration — in the 50 to 250 pg/L range — which may be of toxicological significance (Lu et al. 1998). 

Carlson, Ian H., James W. Jaeger, and Warren P. Porter, 1999. Endocrine, Immune, and Behavioral Effects of Aldicarb (Carbamate), Atrazine (Triazine) and Nitrate (Fertilizer) Mixtures at Groundwater Concentrations. Toxicology and Industrial Health, Volume 15, No. 1-2, Janu-ary-March 1999, p. 133-50. 

Anonymous Atrazine Ciba-Geigy Toxicology data, Agr Div, Ciba-Geigy, Ardsley, NY, October 1, 1972... 

The interaction of the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D with HSA was investigated by Purcell et al. (45) using the equilibrium-mixture mode. The study was based on the suggestion that HSA serves as carrier protein to transport the herbicides to target organs to exhibit toxicological effects in vivo. The results were combined with data gained from spectroscopic methods. 

With the approval of simazine in 1957 by the USFDA, USDA, and USEPA, the basis and procedures for successful introductions of other chlorotriazines were established. Although additional development work was necessary for approval and registration of the subsequent chlorotriazines, the procedures to optimize the production, formulation, and directions for use and the protocols to analyze and understand metabolism and toxicology remained similar. Approval for the first commercial uses of simazine and atrazine in various countries are given in Tables 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. 

The APVMA also concluded there were no major toxicological concerns relating to atrazine (APVMA, 2004) and established a health-based water standard of 40ppb for atrazine and its metabolites. The APVMA also reviewed additional data on potential effects of atrazine on amphibians and concluded that taken together, these data indicate it is unlikely that atrazine is having an adverse impact on Australian amphibian populations at current levels of exposure (APVMA, 2004). 

Modic, W.M., J. Ferrell, C. Wood, J. Laskey, R. Cooper, and S. Laws (2004). Atrazine alters steroidogenesis in male Wistar rats. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting Proceedings, 568. 

The above equations are appropriate for atrazine and simazine because these herbicides appear to have a common mechanism of action, and the toxicological endpoints for the ED10s are the same. The toxicological endpoint is the incidence of mammary tumors in female SD rats in similar experiments. 

Dodson, S.L, Merritt, C.M., Shannahan, J.-P. and Shults, C.M. (1999) Low exposure concentrations of atrazine increase male production in Daphnia pulicaria, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (7), 1568-1573. 

Pape-Lindstrom, P.A. and Lydy, M.J. (1997) Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (11), 2415-2420. 

FIGURE 4.1 Geometric means of acute atrazine toxicity data in freshwater and saltwater organisms. (Reprinted with permission from Solomon et al. 1996 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.)... 

Cooper RL, Stoker TE, Tyrey L, Goldman JM, and McElroy WK (2000) Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function. Toxicological Sciences 53(2) 297-307. 

Stevens JT, Breckemidge CB, and Wetzel L (1999) A risk characterization for atrazine Oncogenicity profile. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 56(2) 69-109. 

Stoker TE, Robinette CL, and Cooper RL (1999) Maternal exposure to atrazine during lactation suppresses suck-ling-induced prolactin release and results in prostatitis in the adult offspring. Toxicological Sciences 52(1) 68-79. 

The toxicology of these compounds has been summarized by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (26). Atrazine is slightly toxic when given in single oral doses to rats and simazine is practically non-toxic under the same conditions. The compounds have been submitted to tests for carcinogenicity to... 

In 1981, the U.S. EPA (6) evaluated unpublished toxicological data submitted in support of a proposed tolerance for atrazine in or on orchardgrass and orchardgrass hay, which included ... 

Results of the acute toxicological tests of TCPE and Buvinol (25% TCPE + 25% atrazine) are contained in Table 6.3 (Bordas et al., 1976). 

Guideline values proposed by the World Health Organization based on a toxicological approach for each substance are 2 /rg/l for simazine and atrazine, and 20 /rg/l for alachlor. Directive 91/414/CE harmonizes at the European scale the principle of authorization delivery of active substances. For example, a herbicide can be introduced in the positive list of the directive Annex 1 if only the scenario takes into account toxicity, ecotoxicity, and study on presence and fate in the environment, in order to exclude aU risks of groundwater contamination at levels higher than... 

Sdderqvist, T. (1994). The costs of meetinga drinking water quality standard the case of atrazine in Italy. In Environmental Toxicology, Economics andinstitutions, ed. 

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