Acute toxicology testing

Gad SC and Chengelis CP (1999) Acute Toxicology Testing, 2nd edn. San Diego, CA Academic Press. 

All those flavouring material that have been suggested for approval by WHO or of which ADI values have been established or that have been approved by either two organisations such as FEMA, CoE, lOFI can be used in China. In case a test is required, generally an acute toxicological test is sufficient, and the evaluation will be made according to published data. ... 

Gad S, Christopher C. Acute Toxicology Testing. 2nd ed. U.S.A. Academic Press, 1997. ISBN 01-2272-2507. Presents detailed protocols for testing for toxicity and covers what aspects are missed when testing. 

Results of the acute toxicological tests of TCPE and Buvinol (25% TCPE + 25% atrazine) are contained in Table 6.3 (Bordas et al., 1976). 

Results of the acute toxicological tests of TCPE and Buvinol" ... 

Levo-BC-29l0 an anal(% of cyclazocine, has been evaluated in sub-acute toxicological testing by the NIMH in preparation for Phase I clinical testing. 

AH of the propylene glycols are considered to be practically nontoxic to fish on an acute basis (LC q < 100 mg/L) and practically nontoxic to aquatic invertebrates, also on an acute basis. Acute marine toxicology testing (38) on propylene glycol showed that the 96-h LC q for fathead minnows was 54,900 mg/L and the 48-h LC q for Daphnia magna was 34,400 mg/L. A 24-h NOEL of 50,000 mg/L was also observed for fingerling trout. Similar results were observed for guppies and rainbow trout (39). 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Borthwick, P.W. and G.E. Walsh. 1981. Initial Toxicological Assessment of Ambush, Bolero, Bux, Dursban, Fentrifanil, Larvin, and Pydrin Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Selected Estuarine Algae, Invertebrates, and Fish. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/4-81-076. 20 pp. 

Data from Other Toxicological Testing. Another question under study has been whether dermal or systemic (acute) toxicity is predictive of ocular irritant potential. Little work has been reported in the literature regarding the correlation... 

Toxicity tests are necessary tools to evaluate the concentration and duration of exposure of a chemical required to produce certain adverse effects. Molecular processes directly affected by the exposure to the chemical agent are the most liable criterions. Nevertheless, these effects are difficult to detect in aquatic toxicology because the processes are generally not well understood [72], Alternatively, other end points which fulfil the necessary requirements, namely the need to be unequivocal, relevant, easy to observe, describe and measure, biologically significant and repeatable, are used. These include measures of mortality, which is frequently employed in the early evaluation of the toxicity of a pollutant in acute toxicity tests. This criterion allows comparison of toxicity exerted by chemical agents with very different mechanisms of action. 

Dose In the context of chemicals, the temi dose means the amount, quantity, or portion of the chemical exposed to or applied to the target (e.g., a human being). It may also refer to a consistent measure used in toxicological testing to determine acute and chronic toxicities. An alternate definition is die amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of irradiated material at a specific location, such as a part of die human body, measured in REMS, or an inanimate body, measured in rads. 

From the literature, statistically relevant toxicological data for acute toxicity testing (e. g., LCS(), LD50, dermal) are based on the exposition of 6 animals (minimum) with a control group of 6. Normally, several doses are used, one at a time, starting from close to the no-effect level (e. g., via the respiratory tract for a defined time). After exposure the animals are observed... 

Nalecz-Jawecki, G. (2004) Spirotox - Spirostomum ambiguum acute toxicity test - 10 years of experience, Environmental Toxicology 19, 359-364. 

Paixao, S.M. and Anselmo, A.M. (2002) Effect of olive mill wastewaters on the oxygen consumption by activated sludge microorganisms an acute toxicity test method, Journal of Applied Toxicology 22 (3), 173-176. 

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