Atomic spectroscopy, drug

Atomic Spectroscopy This method is used to determine the concentration of an element in a drug substance. The intensity of the emission lines of the element measured at specific wavelengths shows its concentration. 

Reed E, Sauerhoff S, Piorier MC. Quantitation of platinum-DNA binding in human tissues following therapeutic levels of drug exposure—a novel use of graphite furnace spectrometry. Atomic Spectroscopy 1988 9 93-95. 

The analytical measurement of elemental concentrations is important for the analysis of the major and minor constituents of pharmaceutical products. The use of atomic spectroscopy in this regard has been the subject of several reviews (2,3,35,36). Metals are major constituents of several pharmaceuticals such as dialysis solutions, lithium carbonate tablets, antacids, and multivitamin-mineral tablets. For these substances, spectroscopic analysis is an important tool. It is indispensable for the determination of trace-metal impurities in pharmaceutical products and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals, essential and toxic, in biological fluids and tissues (37). Beyond this, several drugs which do... 

The United States Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations require the complete characterization of drug compounds. Since most pharmaceutical agents are organic compounds, much of this characterization involves various chromatography-based analytical techniques, as well as NMR, IR and various physical testing methods (such as DSC, TGA and XRD). The field of atomic spectroscopy has not traditionally played a major role in the characterization of pharmaceutical products, but on closer inspection it is clear that absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques can play a valuable role... 

The role that atomic spectroscopy plays in the pharmaceutical industry may be directly linked to the various stages of the drug development process. To understand how these techniques might be encountered it is important to examine, in closer detail, what happens during each step of the drug development process. 

The atomic spectroscopist is typically involved in supporting a new potential drug candidate before the final salt and/or crystal form have been selected. Several forms of the drug substance (salt forms, and/or polymorphs) are considered during the discovery phase and are generated in small laboratory batches via several synthetic pathways or crystallization procedures. The atomic spectroscopy laboratory plays an important role in the selection of the final form by assaying these samples for trace metals, salt counter-ions and trace catalysts used in the syntheses. Once a final form has been selected, testing continues to support the optimization of the synthetic process. 

The role that the atomic spectroscopy laboratory plays in the drug development process is an important one. It helps ensures the safety and quality of the drug products that are approved by the FDA. 

Schulman SG and Vincent WR (1984) Atomic spectroscopy (in pharmaceutical analysis). Drugs Pharmaceutical Science 11 359-399. 

Again, it is to be leinembercd tliai only a fraction of the heavy metals gels into the tea. Owing to the very low concentrations, analyses are only possible by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy, after di gesting the drugs with perchloric acid/nilrie acid (hence not in the pharmacy laboratory). 

Hassan et al [65] used a method for the determination of primaquine and other antimalarials, through ternary complex formation. The analytical aspects of the reaction between the widely used antimalarial drugs with cobalt and thiocyanate to form ternary complexes are described. Alternatively, determination of the cobalt content of the nitrobenzene extract using atomic absorption spectroscopy provided an indirect method for the determination of the drugs. Both methods are applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation and the results obtained agreed well with those obtained with official methods. 

The present communication is concerned with calcium balance studies carried out during the Intake of a variety of dietary factors including minerals and protein as well as drugs. The studies were performed In adult males under strictly controlled conditions in the Metabolic Research Unit. The diet was kept constant throughout the relatively long term studies and complete collections of urine and stool were obtained. The composition of this diet was previously described (5). The diet and the excretions in urine and stool were analyzed for calcium throughout the studies. These data formed the basis of calcium balances which were determined for several weeks. Calcium was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (6). 

Before describing the application of Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to potentized homeopathic drugs we would first discuss the basic principles of NMR spectroscopy. This spectroscopy is a powerful tool providing structural information about molecules. Like UV-visible and infra red spectrometry, NMR spectrometry is also a form of absorption spectrometry. Nuclei of some isotopes possess a mechanical spin and the total angular momentum depends on the nuclear spin, or spin number 1. The numerical value of I is related to the mass number and the atomic number and may be 0, Vi, 1 etc. The medium of homeopathic... 

Salem et al. [48] reported simple and accurate methods for the quantitative determination of flufenamic, mefenamic and tranexamic acids utilizing precipitation reactions with cobalt, cadmium and manganese. The acidic drugs were precipitated from their neutral alcoholic solutions with cobalt sulfate, cadmium nitrate or manganese chloride standard solutions followed by direct determination of the ions in the precipitate or indirect determination of the ions in the filtrate by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The optimum conditions for precipitation were carefully studied. The molar ratio of the reactants was ascertained. Statistical analysis of the results compared to the results of the official methods revealed equal precision and accuracy. The suggested procedures were applied for determining flufenamic, mefenamic and... 

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