Atomic spectroscopy, analytical chemistry

Bings NH, Bogaerts A, and Broekaert JAC (2002) Atomic spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74 2691-2711. 

Spectroscopy, annual reviews of new analytical instrumentation from the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, "Fundamental Reviews" (June 1994, June 1996), analytical applications of infrared, ultraviolet, atomic absorption, emission, Raman, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and x-ray spectroscopy. 

There are many journals that publish articles on atomic emission spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, Applied Spectroscopy, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, and The Analyst publish... 

E. Metcalfe, Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning , ed. F.E. Prichard, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 1987. 

There are many journals that publish articles on atomic emission spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, Applied Spectroscopy, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, and The Analyst publish articles on atomic emission spectroscopy as well as other analytical methods. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry is a more focused journal, as the name implies. Applications articles that use atomic emission spectroscopy for analysis of specific materials may be found in journals related to the field of application, such as geology, agriculture, food science, pharmaceutical science, polymer science, and the like. 

In this chapter we have limited ourselves to the most common techniques in catalyst characterization. Of course, there are several other methods available, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which is very useful in the study of zeolites, electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman spectroscopy, which may be of interest for certain oxide catalysts. Also, all of the more generic tools from analytical chemistry, such as elemental analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption, calorimetry, thermogravimetry, etc. are often used on a routine basis. 

Vol. 21 Reilctance Spectroscopy. By Wesley Wm.Wendlandt and Harry G. Hecht Vol. 22 The Analytical Toxicology of Industrial Inorganic Poisons. By the late Morris B. Jacobs Vol. 23 The Formation and Properties of Precipitates. By Alan G.Walton Vol. 24 Kinetics in Analytical Chemistry. By Harry B. Mark, Jr. and Garry A. Rechnitz Vol. 25 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Second Edition. By Morris Slavin Vol. 26 Characterization of Organometallic Compounds (in two parts). Edited by Minoru Tsutsui Vol. 27 Rock and Mineral Analysis. Second Edition. By Wesley M. Johnson and John A. Maxwell Vol. 28 The Analytical Chemistry of Nitrogen and Its Compounds (in two parts). Edited by C. A. Streuli and Philip R.Averell... 

The signal-to-noise ratio has been used in analytical chemistry since the 1960s. At first, atomic spectroscopy prepared the way for application, and some other spectroscopic disciplines and chromatography are important domains of use. 

At the end of the nineteenth century chemistry was at the cutting edge as a theoretically well-founded experimental science. The most advanced and controversial physical theories of the day had their origin in chemical research, which concerned itself with all aspects related to the nature and constitution of matter. The theories of electrons (sic), atoms and molecules were the working models of practising chemists. Optical activity, like other forms of spectroscopy in its infancy, was the pursuit of analytical chemistry. 

R.M. Harrison and S. Raposomanikos, Environmental Analysis using Chromatography Interfaced with Atomic Spectroscopy, Ellis Horwood Series in Analytical Chemistry, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, 1992. 

Analytical Chemistry. Particularly the biennial reviews of atomic spectroscopy that are published in the even years. 

Mirti, P., Aruga, R., Zelano, V., Appolonia, L., and Aceto, M. (1990). Investigation of Roman terra-sigillata by atomic-absorption and emission-spectroscopy and multivariate-analysis of data. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 336 215-221. 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

Schrenk, W.G. (1975) Modern Analytical Chemistry. Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy. Plenum Press, New York. 

Analytica ChimicaActa Analytical Chemistry Analytical Communications Analytical Letters Analytical Sciences Applied Spectroscopy Atomic Spectroscopy Microchemical Journal Mikrochimica Acta Spectrochimica Acta (Part B)... 

Since the mid-1960s, a variety of analytical chemistry techniques have been used to characterize obsidian sources and artifacts for provenance research (4, 32-36). The most common of these methods include optical emission spectroscopy (OES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and neutron activation analysis (NAA). When selecting a method of analysis for obsidian, one must consider accuracy, precision, cost, promptness of results, existence of comparative data, and availability. Most of the above-mentioned techniques are capable of determining a number of elements, but some of the methods are more labor-intensive, more destructive, and less precise than others. The two methods with the longest and most successful histoty of success for obsidian provenance research are XRF and NAA. 

I venture to say that the majority of practical chemometrics applications in analytical chemistry are in the area of instrument specialization. The need to improve specificity of an analyzer depends on both the analytical technology and the application. For example, chemometrics is often applied to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, due to the fact that the information in NIR spectra is generally non-specific for most applications. Chemometrics may not be critical for most ICP atomic emission or mass spectrometry applications because these techniques provide sufficient selectivity for most applications. On the other hand, there are some NIR applications that do not require chemometrics (e.g. many water analysis applications), and some ICP and mass spectrometry applications are likely where chemometrics is needed to provide sufficient selectivity. 

Schrenk WG (1975) In Modern Analytical Chemistry Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum, New York, USA. 

Hollow cathode discharges are perhaps the most common glow discharges used in analytical chemistry. Most spectroscopists are familiar with these devices as hollow cathode lamps used for atomic absorption spectroscopy. Figure 2.10 contains... 

Ray, S. J. Guzowski, J. P., Jr. Myers, D. P. Hieftje, G. M., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom.62. Myers, D. Brushwyler, K. Allen, L. Georgitis, S. Elemental Analysis with ICP-TOFMS. Presentation 3 at the 24th Annual Conference of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies, Providence, RI, October, 1997. 

S. Smith, R.G. Schleicher, and G.M. Hieftje, New Atomic Absorption Background Correction Technique , Paper 422, 33rd Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Atlantic City, 1982. 

The use of analytical atomic spectroscopy in clinical chemistry has developed rapidly over the last 20 years and there is now adequate knowledge and instrumentation available for the measurement of a wide range of elements (C12, H25, M4, W25) in concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml or amounts as small as 10" g. The cost of the instruments ranges from 100 ( 240) for the simplest flame photometer to 50,000 ( 120,000) for an advanced direct reading spectrometer with data handling facilities. 

X-Ray fluorescence is nondestructive and has significant advantages in simultaneous multielement analysis and ultramicroanalysis using electron beam excitation. It has found widespread industrial applications but as instrumentation is costly and complex in comparison with analytical atomic spectroscopy, the technique is not suitable for routine use in clinical chemistry. It seems unlikely that it can ever be more than a research tool. 

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