Atmospheric gases production

Other energy sector concerns are methane emissions from unburned fuel, and from natural gas leaks at various stages of natural gas production, transmission and distribution. The curtailment of venting and flaring stranded gas (remotely located natural gas sources that are not economical to produce liquefied natural gas or methanol), and more efficient use of natural gas have significantly reduced atmospheric release. But growth in natural gas production and consumption may reverse this trend. Methane has... 

Liquid feedstocks for olefin production are light naphtha, full range naphtha, reformer raffinate, atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil, residues, and crude oils. The ratio of olefins produced from steam cracking of these feeds depends mainly on the feed type and, to a lesser extent, on the operation variables. For example, steam cracking light naphtha produces about twice the amount of ethylene obtained from steam cracking vacuum gas oil under nearly similar conditions. Liquid feeds are usually... 

Product composition from cracking atmospheric gas oil and vacuum gas oil °... 

Rolston, D. E. (1981). Nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas production in fertilizer loss. In "Denitrification, Nitrification, and Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide" (C. 

A novel reactor for pyrolysis of a PE melt stirred by bubbles of flowing nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure permits uniform temperature depolymerisation. Sweep-gas experiments at temperatures 370-410 C allowed pyrolysis products to be collected separately as reactor residue (solidified PE melt), condensed vapour, and uncondensed gas products. MWDs determined by GPC indicated that random scission and repolymerisation (crosslinking) broadened the polymer-melt MWD. 19 refs. USA... 

A colorless, crystalline compound [Au(CO)2]+[Sb2Fn] was prepared by treatment of (C0)Au0S02F with SbFs in a CO atmosphere. This product is stable to 100 °C.297 In a more convenient synthesis, it is also available from AuC13 and SbFs under CO gas,295 with phosgene and SbF4Cl as the byproducts (Scheme 73). 

Petroleum hydrocarbons (oil and combustion by-products such as PAHs) Runoff and atmospheric deposition from land activities shipping and tanker operations accidental spills, coastal and offshore oil and gas production natural seepage Toxic effects including birth defects, cancer, and systemic poisoning. Tar balls degrade beach habitat. 

Chemical/Physical. 2-Nitrofluoranthene was the principal product formed from the gas-phase reaction of fluoranthene with OH radicals in a NOx atmosphere. Minor products found include 7-... 

In modern combustion analysers, a tiny sample (about 2 mg) is accurately weighed and oxidised at a high temperature in an oxygen atmosphere. The product mixture of CO, HjO, Nj and SO is separated by gas chromatography and the mass of each component is measured using a thermal conductivity detector. From these product masses, the mass of each of the elements C, H, N and S in the sample can... 

There are two interesting molecules that are derived from carbon and oxygen alone. Earlier, we encountered carbon dioxide, CO2, as a constituent of our atmosphere, a product of the combustion of fossil fuels, and a major contributor to global warming. An even simpler molecule is carbon monoxide, CO, a toxic gas and a minor product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. 

FIGURE 10.27 Spatial and temporal distributions of two reactive particle-associated PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, and the gas-phase atmospheric reaction product 3-nitrobiphenyl during transport of a heavily polluted air parcel across southern California, September 8-9, 1993 (adapted from Fraser et al., 1998). 

Yu, J., H. E. Jeffries, and R. M. Le Lacheur, Identifying Airborne Carbonyl Compounds in Isoprene Atmospheric Photooxidation Products by Their PFBHA Oximes Using Gas Chromatography/ Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1923-1932 (1995). 

In fact, when a cyclohexene-yne 65a is treated with Ig under an ethylene gas atmosphere, three products are produced. An expected bicyclic compound 66a is obtained in only 14% yield, and a major product (57%) is an unexpected bicyclic compound which turned out to be 66b. In addition, dimeric compound 68 is formed in 26%... 

The concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere is increasing. This is a concern, since N2O has been identified as a greenhouse gas and as a source of ozoneconsuming NO in the stratosphere. A significant source of N2O to the atmosphere is production of adipic acid (AA), which is used in the production of nylon. Adipic acid is formed from reaction of cyclohexanol with nitric acid (HNO3) according to the scheme in Fig. 13.13. 

The petroleum industry has taken the position that oil and gas production can and will be compatible with a high level of public health and environmental protection. The treating facilities at Jay are designed to achieve this goal, particularly regarding the emission of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere. 

In the event of a major plant accident, large quantities of nitrogen oxides could be released into the atmosphere and product nitric acid may well be released to the drains. There is little that can be done to provide for such a situation. The emphasis would be on dilution of any liquid wastes expelled. It would be left to the prevailing winds to disperse the nitrogen oxide cloud. Fortunately this gas cloud is not flammable, but it is highly toxic. Nitrogen oxide fumes either from nitric acid or from process gases may have a deceptive delayed action. The victim may feel no pain or discomfort at the time of the low-level inhalation, or for up to 48 hours thereafter, but then serious respiratory and cardiac problems can occur. 

Figure 3. Partial pressures of the residual gases CHh (16 amu) and CO/C2Hh (28 amu) (a) produced during H2 glow discharge conditioning (GDC) of the PDX vessel. At the indicated arrows, the torus was exposed to atmospheric pressure for several hours. Residual gas production (b) during GDC immediately after atmospheric exposure. (Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. 37.

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