Atmospheric bulk deposition

Hovmand, M.F., Vikelsoe, J. and Andersen, H.V (2007). Atmospheric bulk deposition of dioxin and finans to Danish background areas Atmospheric Environment. Volume 41, Issue 11, 2400-2411. 

Garban et al. (2002) investigated the atmospheric bulk deposition of PAHs onto France. The study showed that atmospheric deposition was the main source of PAHs to terrestrial ecosystems and especially to soils. 

Garban, B., Blanchoud, H., Motelay-Massei, A., Chevreuil, M., Ollivon, D., 2002. Atmospheric bulk deposition of PAHs onto France trends from urban to remote sites. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5395-5403. 

HBEF, much of the lead entering the ecosystem from the atmosphere appears to be retained in the forest floor. Concentrations and fluxes of lead in bulk deposition are much greater than in Oa horizon leachate. Solution concentrations and fluxes of Pb decrease through the soil profile and losses in stream water are low. There was a strong correlation between concentrations of Pb and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution and stream water at Hubbard Brook Driscoll et al., 1994, 1998). 

Other Applications of the Multiple-Core Approach. The bulk of this chapter has dealt with the specific application of multiple-core methodology to questions of atmospheric Hg deposition. Whole-basin Hg accumulation rates for seven lakes, calculated from multiple sediment cores, were used in a simple mass-balance model to estimate atmospheric fluxes and Hg transport from catchment soils. This approach can be used to answer other limnological questions, and the model is not restricted to Hg or atmospheric deposition. 

Atmospheric deposition was estimated as bulk deposition. Bulk precipitation chemistry and precipitation depth were monitored at a minimum of four... 

Arimoto R, Duce RA, Savoie DL et al (1996) Relationships among aerosol constituents Irom Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A. J Geophys Res 10 2011-2023 Bacardit M, Camarero L (2009) Fluxes of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, and As in monthly bulk deposition over the Pyrenees (SW Europe) the influence of meteorology on the atmospheric component of trace element cycles and its implications for high mountain lakes. J Geophys Res. doi 10.1029/2008jg000732... 

Hayakawa K, Takatsuki H, Watanabe I et al (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlori-nated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Jrqian. Chemosphere 57 343-356 Hildemarm LM, Markowski GR, Jones MC et al (1991) Submicrometer aerosol mass distributions of emissions from boilers, fireplaces, automobiles, diesel trucks, and meatcooking operations. Aerosol Sci Technol 14 138-152 HlUery BR, Basu I, Sweet CW et al (1997) Temporal and spatial trends in a long-term study of gas-phase PCB eoncentrations near the Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 31 1811-1816 Hites RA (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people a metaanalysis of eoneentrations. Environ Sci Technol 38 945-956... 

Later, as we recognized phenomena which could not be treated and explained using only total or bulk deposition data, we developed an instrument which quantitatively and automatically collects separate wet and dry fractions of atmospheric deposition.The instrument is shown in Fig. 2. The onset of precipitation is sensed by the sensors mounted on both sides of the roof, causing it to move off the "wet bucket" and cover the "dry". The wet/dry deposition collectors have so far been used on a rather limited basis in radioactivity studies to carry out specific experiments. 

Tanner, R.P. and Law, P.T., Organic acids in the atmosphere and bulk deposition of Hong Kong,... 

The oxime is freely soluble in water and in most organic liquids. Recrystallise the crude dry product from a minimum of 60-80 petrol or (less suitably) cyclohexane for this purpose first determine approximately, by means of a small-scale test-tube experiment, the minimum proportion of the hot solvent required to dissolve the oxime from about 0-5 g. of the crude material. Then place the bulk of the crude product in a small (100 ml.) round-bottomed or conical flask fitted with a reflux water-condenser, add the required amount of the solvent and boil the mixture on a water-bath. Then turn out the gas, and quickly filter the hot mixture through a fluted filter-paper into a conical flask the sodium chloride remains on the filter, whilst the filtrate on cooling in ice-water deposits the acetoxime as colourless crystals. These, when filtered anddried (either by pressing between drying-paper or by placing in an atmospheric desiccator) have m.p. 60 . Acetoxime sublimes rather readily when exposed to the air, and rapidly when warmed or when placed in a vacuum. Hence the necessity for an atmospheric desiccator for drying purposes. 

Whereas a film formed in dry air consists essentially of an anhydrous oxide and may reach a thickness of 3 nm, in the presence of water (ranging from condensed films deposited from humid atmospheres to bulk aqueous phases) further thickening occurs as partial hydration increases the electron tunnelling conductivity. Other components in contaminated atmospheres may become incorporated (e.g. HjS, SO2, CO2, Cl ), as described in Sections 2.2 and3.1. 

Interphase Material Transfer. In some cases there is unidirectional bulk transfer of material and associated chemical between compartments (e.g. sediment deposition or atmospheric particle fallout) in which case the rate is given by an expression similar to that for advection in which Gg (m3/h) is the rate of transfer of the material namely... 

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