Background area

Fig. 5. Size distributions of atmospheric particles ia (—) urban, (------) mral, and (------) remote background areas.

The Development Process. In the original electrophotographic demonstration, development was accompHshed by dusting lycopodium powder over an exposed sulfur film. This yielded low density images of poor resolution. Considerable powder settied in the exposed background areas (the white areas of a document), and image transfer to paper could only be achieved by prior coating of the paper with wax or another sticky material. 

Surface water samples were also collected at a number of sites throughout the Ruby Creek watershed although only data collected from active stream flow were utilized here. The surface water data was also categorized into background areas (n=13) and sites downstream from mineralization area (n=21). 

Samples were classified by location over the deposit, within the Perseverance Graben or in background areas. Except for the effects of the deposit there does not appear to be any difference between samples over the graben and those in the background. Samples were also classified for underlying lithology namely Watson Lake Rhyolite (footwall) or Dumagami Rhyolite in this case the differences were important, at least for some elements and in particular Ca and Mg. 

Pillai KC, Matkar VM. 1987. Determination of plutonium and americium in environmental samples and assessment of thorium in bone samples from normal and high background areas. J Radioanal NucI Chem 115 217-229. 

Hovmand, M.F., Vikelsoe, J. and Andersen, H.V (2007). Atmospheric bulk deposition of dioxin and finans to Danish background areas Atmospheric Environment. Volume 41, Issue 11, 2400-2411. 

While Table 5 shows officially reported data for both hot spots and urban background areas, Table 6 shows the population affected by exceedances of the daily mean PM10 limit value in the urban background of the critical areas. These data were derived from the gridded ETC/ACC PM10 maps. Berlin, Stuttgart, London and Paris do not show exceedances on a 10 km x 10 km scale. The largest number of people affected live in northern Italy and southern Poland. 

Table 14 Population weighted exposure to annual mean and 36th highest daily mean levels in urban and regional background areas in pg/m3 (source ETC/ACC [4])...

Air quality assessment is undertaken with different levels of detail in the Member States. There are also indications that assessment is incomplete in some zones. The analysis of non-critical areas has shown that for some cities only information about urban background stations is available and that the data in AirBase are different from other datasets. Whereas compliance is achieved in urban background areas, exceedances might occur at hotspot sites, which may remain undetected if no further assessments are undertaken. Therefore guidance documents and further support, e.g. via dedicated workshops, might be helpful. 

Peak f A P W hiko %Area Total area Background area... 

Penna-Franca E, Fiszman M, Lobao N, et al. 1970. Radioactivity in the diet in high background areas of Brazil. Health Phys 19 657-662. 

Figure 18 (A)-(E) Fluorescence spectrums of individual fluorescent spots in 10-5-M submonolayers obtained using a streak camera in the focus mode and a CW 514.5-nm excitation. Spectrums from a spot (lower record) and from a background area not containing fluorescent spots (upper record) are displayed in (E). (F) Fluorescence spectrum of rhB in methanol (10-6 M) as a reference measured using the same fluorometer used for measuring spectrums (A)-(E). (From Ref. 16.)...

Table II. Estimates of Annual Dry Deposition For Rural/Background Areas in the West (After Hidy Young, Environ., Res. Tech., unpublished report)...

Areas are normalized to benzene internal standard peak area. Background area equal to 0.54. 

PCNs are generally present at low levels (pgg-1) in sediment samples from background areas [204, 212] as summarized by Falandysz (1998) [5]. The CN profile seems to be a combination of technical PCNs and PCNs originating from PCB products and/or incineration processes. The pattern in Swedish background sediment samples has been proposed to be a result of atmospheric weathering of mainly PCB products [204]. 

The abrasive resistance of the plates have to be better than those used for qualitative work, and the chromogenic reagents have to be applied by dipping or incorporating into the thin layer to prevent damage to the surface and uneven spotting of the background area. 

Range and (in italics) mean of total helium concentrations (He) and neon-normalised helium concentrations (Hon) in overburden gas over mineralised zones and background areas in Australia (from Butt and Gole 1984, 1985). 

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