Atmosphere climate

A number of current coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models predict that the overturning of the North Atlantic may decrease somewhat under a future warmer climate.While this is not a feature that coupled models deal with well, its direct impact on the ocean s sequestration of carbon would be to cause a significant decline in the carbon that is stored in the deep water. This is a positive feedback, as oceanic carbon uptake would decline. Flowever, the expansion of area populated by the productive cool water plankton, and the associated decline... 

See also Atmosphere Climatic Effects Communications and Energy. 

Predicting the effect of the terrestrial vegetation response to C02-induced climate change for a particular site involves explicit treatment of feedbacks. These are diagramed in Figure 3. The balance between decomposition + autotrophic respiration and gross primary production (GPP) determines the net storage and release of carbon to atmosphere. Climate meets each of these... 

Andreae, M. O., Biomass Burning Its History, Use, and Distribution and Its Impact on Environmental Quality and Global Climate, in Global Biomass Burning Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications (J. S. Levine, Ed.), pp. 1-21, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. 

Levine, J. S., Ed., Global Biomass Burning Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1991. 

We cannot disagree with Stanley (2005) and Stanley et al. (2005) that our planet is a system of integrated components driven by the Earth s internal heat and external energy from the Sun. It is evident that geospheric processes like plate tectonics, volcanism, and the rock cycle are linked to the hydrosphere, atmosphere, climate system, and biosphere, and their interactions form the global processes that we observe. 

As mentioned above, recent attempts to identify the level of atmospheric climate change have been confined to analyses of comparatively long data series on SAT, though smaller volumes of data on changes in sea ice cover extent, vertical temperature profile (radiosonde data), and results of satellite microwave sensing have also been considered (Christy et ai, 1998). However, numerical modeling results show... 

Rogers, C. F., J. G. Hudson, B. Zielinska, R. J. Tanner, J. Hallett, and J. G. Watson. 1992. Cloud condensation nuclei from biomass burning. In Global Biomass Burning atmospheric, climatic, and biospheric implications, ed. J. Levine (MIT press, Cambridge, MA). 

The atmospheric, climatic, environmental, and health effects of volcanic volatile emissions depend on several factors but importantly on fluxes of sulfur and halogens. As discussed in Section 3.04.5.1, intermittent explosive emptions can pump >10 kg of sulfur into the stratosphere, against a background of continuous fiimarolic and open-vent emission into the troposphere. The episodic, large explosive eruptions are the principal perturbation to stratospheric aerosol levels (e.g., 30 Mt of sulfate due to the 1991 emption of... 

Although global transport balance modelling thus provides some perspective on the rate at which CO2 could have been removed from the atmosphere in early Earth history, the resolution of the method is inherently poor and it can provide only broad outlines. The large uncertainties and the problems encountered highlight the need to find independent constraints on weathering and erosion rates in Archaean time to understand the early evolution of the Earth s atmosphere, climate and life. 

The biosphere-atmosphere-climate feedbacks are quite complicated. A simplified scheme in Figure 5 shows what can happen in the atmosphere and biosphere when temperature and die CO2 concentration increase. Such conditions are expected to promote the growth of plants and, consequently, the emission of terpenoids (including isoprene), which are converted to a larger amount of aerosols that shade the Earth, also by cloud formation, to reduce the temperature (Kulmala et al, 2003, 2004). This relatively simple feedback action is complicated by several factors. 

Hooss, G., Voss, R., Hasselmann, K., Maier-Reimer, E., and Joos, F. (2001). A nonlinear impulse response model of the coupled carbon cycle-ocean-atmosphere climate system. Clim. Dyn. (in press). 

The PDO appears to be a robust, recurring two-to-three decade pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability in the North Pacific. A positive PDO index is characterized by cooler than average SST in the central North Pacific and warmer than average SST in the Gulf of Alaska and along the Pacific Coast of North America and corresponds to warm phases of ENSO. The reverse is true with a negative PDO. 

The carbon cycle is dynamic, and is fully interactive with the chmate. The earth s climate changes as a result of changes in the abundance of CO2 in the atmosphere climate change in turn changes the dynamics of carbon exchange among the reservoirs and causes shifts in the atmospheric CO2 levels. 

The 0.6°C rise in globally averaged temperatures is compatible with, in terms of both magnitude and timing, that predicted by models which take the combined influences of human factors and solar variability into account. More recent studies of attribution have considered the patterns of temperature change, both spatially and in the vertical column of the atmosphere. Climate models indicate... 

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